Бесплатный фрагмент - Грамматика английского языка для ЕГЭ по темам кодификатора
Полный курс с объяснениями, примерами и упражнениями
Предисловие
Дорогие читатели!
Эта книга предназначена для систематического изучения английской грамматики на уровне подготовки к ЕГЭ. Она охватывает все ключевые темы, включённые в кодификатор, и позволяет постепенно осваивать как теоретические аспекты, так и практическое применение грамматических конструкций.
Каждая глава включает объяснение грамматической темы на русском языке, примеры предложений с переводом, текст на английском языке для закрепления материала, список полезных слов и выражений, а также упражнения различного типа с полными ответами. Такой подход обеспечивает комплексное обучение, сочетая восприятие материала через чтение, анализ структуры предложений и активное использование грамматики на практике.
Особое внимание уделено темам, которые чаще всего вызывают трудности у учащихся, таким как согласование времён, условные предложения, косвенная речь, модальные глаголы и фразовые конструкции. Все объяснения построены таким образом, чтобы даже сложные правила стали понятными и легко применимыми.
Материал книги рассчитан на подростков и учащихся средней школы, стремящихся к уверенной подготовке к ЕГЭ. Примеры и тексты соответствуют реальной повседневной лексике и учитывают требования экзамена, что позволяет эффективно развивать навыки чтения, письма и устной речи.
Использование этой книги предполагает внимательную работу с каждой главой и систематическое выполнение упражнений, что способствует глубокому пониманию грамматики и формированию уверенности в её применении.
Communicative Types of Sentences
Grammar Focus
В английском языке предложения делятся на коммуникативные типы в зависимости от цели высказывания. В рамках ЕГЭ необходимо уверенно различать и правильно использовать повествовательные, вопросительные и побудительные предложения.
1. Declarative Sentences (Повествовательные предложения)
Используются для передачи информации, фактов, мнений.
Утвердительные:
She studies English every day. — Она изучает английский каждый день.
Отрицательные:
She does not study English every day. — Она не изучает английский каждый день.
Отрицание обычно образуется с помощью do / does / did + not или not после вспомогательного глагола.
2. Interrogative Sentences (Вопросительные предложения)
Используются для получения информации.
General questions (общие):
Do you like English? — Тебе нравится английский?
Special questions (специальные):
Why do you like English? — Почему тебе нравится английский?
Alternative questions (альтернативные):
Do you prefer English or German? — Ты предпочитаешь английский или немецкий?
Tag questions (разделительные):
You are ready for the exam, aren’t you? — Ты готов к экзамену, не так ли?
3. Imperative Sentences (Побудительные предложения)
Используются для приказов, просьб, советов.
Утвердительные:
Read the text carefully. — Прочитай текст внимательно.
Отрицательные:
Do not forget the rules. — Не забывай правила.
Usage Tips
В вопросах всегда меняется порядок слов.
В разделительных вопросах важно правильно выбрать хвостик (tag).
Побудительные предложения не имеют подлежащего.
В заданиях ЕГЭ часто проверяется распознавание типа предложения по форме.
Story
Understanding how different types of sentences work is an important step for every student preparing for exams and real communication. Many learners start with simple declarative sentences because they help express facts and ideas clearly. When a student says that English grammar is difficult, this statement shows a personal opinion, not a question or a command.
As students become more confident, they begin to ask questions. They want to know how rules are formed, why some structures are used more often than others, and whether practice really helps. General questions usually appear first because they are easy to build and useful in everyday situations. Later, special questions become more common, especially when learners want detailed information.
Imperative sentences also play an important role in learning. Teachers often use them to give instructions, and students see them in textbooks and exams. These sentences help organize the learning process and guide attention to important details. Without them, studying would be much less effective.
Over time, learners understand that choosing the right type of sentence depends on the situation. A clear statement works best for giving information, a question is necessary to receive it, and an imperative sentence helps influence actions. Mastering these types allows students to sound confident, polite, and accurate. This skill is especially valuable during exams, where understanding the purpose of a sentence can help choose the correct answer and avoid common mistakes.
Useful Words and Expressions
communicative purpose — коммуникативная цель
declarative sentence — повествовательное предложение
interrogative sentence — вопросительное предложение
imperative sentence — побудительное предложение
to express an idea — выражать мысль
to ask for information — запрашивать информацию
to give instructions — давать инструкции
personal opinion — личное мнение
everyday communication — повседневное общение
to become confident — становиться уверенным
learning process — процесс обучения
to influence actions — влиять на действия
common mistake — распространённая ошибка
to sound polite — звучать вежливо
exam preparation — подготовка к экзамену
sentence structure — структура предложения
correct word order — правильный порядок слов
Exercises
Exercise 1. Identify the type of sentence.
Close the window, please.
Do you understand this rule?
She does not agree with this idea.
Why is grammar important?
You are ready for the test, aren’t you?
Exercise 2. Choose the correct option.
Which sentence is imperative?
a) She is reading a book.
b) Are you ready?
c) Read the instructions carefully.
Which sentence is a special question?
a) Do you like English?
b) Why do you like English?
c) You like English, don’t you?
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
Do you often use questions when you study English? Why?
Which type of sentence helps you learn grammar rules better?
Do teachers usually use imperative sentences in class?
When do you prefer declarative sentences in communication?
Do you think understanding sentence types helps during exams?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
Imperative sentence
Interrogative sentence (general question)
Declarative sentence (negative)
Interrogative sentence (special question)
Interrogative sentence (tag question)
Exercise 2
c
b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
Yes, I often use questions when I study English because they help me understand rules more deeply. Asking questions makes the learning process clearer.
Imperative sentences help me learn grammar rules better because they give clear instructions. They show what I should focus on.
Yes, teachers usually use imperative sentences in class to organize the lesson. These sentences help students follow instructions correctly.
I prefer declarative sentences when I want to give information or express my opinion. They sound clear and confident.
Yes, understanding sentence types helps during exams because it makes tasks easier to analyze. This knowledge helps avoid common mistakes.
Memory Tips
Определи цель предложения прежде чем анализировать его форму.
Если есть вспомогательный глагол в начале — это вопрос.
Нет подлежащего и есть глагол в начальной форме — побудительное предложение.
Declarative Sentences: Affirmative and Negative Forms
Grammar Focus
Повествовательные предложения (declarative sentences) используются для передачи фактов, информации, мнений и описаний. В английском языке они бывают утвердительными и отрицательными.
1. Affirmative Sentences (Утвердительные предложения)
Утвердительные предложения имеют прямой порядок слов:
Subject + Verb + Object / Adverbial modifier
She studies English at school. — Она изучает английский в школе.
They have already finished the task. — Они уже закончили задание.
Во временах группы Simple используется основной глагол без вспомогательных элементов в утвердительной форме.
2. Negative Sentences (Отрицательные предложения)
Отрицательные предложения образуются с помощью частицы not, которая ставится:
после вспомогательного глагола (do, does, did, have, has, will),
или после глагола to be.
She does not study English at school. — Она не изучает английский в школе.
They are not ready for the exam. — Они не готовы к экзамену.
Во временах Present Simple и Past Simple обязательно используется вспомогательный глагол do / does / did.
3. Краткие отрицательные формы
В письменной речи ЕГЭ чаще используются полные формы, но в текстах можно встретить и краткие:
do not → don’t
is not → isn’t
Usage Tips
В Present Simple нельзя ставить not без do / does.
В отрицательных предложениях смысловой глагол всегда стоит в начальной форме.
Двойное отрицание в английском языке не используется.
Story
Daily routine plays an important role in the life of every student. Most teenagers wake up early on weekdays and prepare for school without much enthusiasm. Some students enjoy morning lessons, while others do not feel active until the afternoon. This difference often affects their concentration and motivation.
After school, many students spend time doing homework or preparing for exams. They usually try to follow a plan, but not everyone manages time well. Some students complete their tasks quickly, while others do not finish everything on time. This situation often causes stress, especially before important tests.
Free time is also an essential part of everyday life. Teenagers watch videos, listen to music, or communicate with friends online. However, not all students use their free time effectively. Some do not rest enough, and others do not limit screen time. As a result, they feel tired and less productive during the day.
Understanding daily habits helps students organize their lives better. When learners analyze what they do and what they do not do regularly, they can make useful changes. Small decisions, such as planning the evening or limiting distractions, can improve both academic results and personal well-being.
Useful Words and Expressions
daily routine — ежедневный распорядок
weekday — будний день
to prepare for school — готовиться к школе
to feel active — чувствовать себя бодрым
concentration — концентрация
motivation — мотивация
to spend time doing smth — проводить время, делая что-то
to manage time — управлять временем
on time — вовремя
to cause stress — вызывать стресс
free time — свободное время
screen time — время у экрана
to feel tired — чувствовать усталость
productive — продуктивный
daily habits — повседневные привычки
to make changes — вносить изменения
personal well-being — личное благополучие
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct form.
She ___ (likes / does not like) waking up early on weekdays.
They ___ (do / does) not have enough free time during the school year.
He ___ (finishes / do not finish) his homework on time.
Students ___ (are / are not) always motivated before exams.
We ___ (do not / does not) watch videos during lessons.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct option.
Which sentence is negative?
a) Students prepare for exams regularly.
b) Students do not prepare for exams regularly.
c) Do students prepare for exams regularly?
Which sentence is grammatically correct?
a) She not likes school.
b) She does not like school.
c) She does not likes school.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
What does your typical weekday look like?
How much free time do you usually have after school?
What activities help you relax in the evening?
Do you manage your time well during the school year? Why or why not?
What small habit would you like to change in your daily routine?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
does not like
do
finishes
are not
do not
Exercise 2
b
b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
My typical weekday includes school, homework, and some free time in the evening. I usually follow a similar routine every day.
I usually have about two hours of free time after school. I spend this time resting or communicating with friends.
Listening to music and watching videos help me relax in the evening. These activities reduce stress after a busy day.
I try to manage my time well, but it is not always easy. Sometimes homework takes more time than expected.
I would like to limit my screen time in the evening. This change could help me feel less tired during the day.
Memory Tips
В отрицательных предложениях сначала ищи вспомогательный глагол.
Если видишь do / does / did + not, основной глагол всегда без окончания.
Проверяй отрицание один раз — двойного быть не должно.
Interrogative Sentences: General and Special Questions
Grammar Focus
Вопросительные предложения (interrogative sentences) используются для получения информации. В рамках ЕГЭ особое внимание уделяется общим (yes/no) и специальным (wh-) вопросам, так как они регулярно встречаются в тестовых заданиях.
1. General Questions (Общие вопросы)
Общие вопросы требуют ответа yes или no и образуются с помощью инверсии.
Auxiliary / Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb
Do you study English every day? — Ты изучаешь английский каждый день?
Is she ready for the exam? — Она готова к экзамену?
Have they finished the task? — Они закончили задание?
Если в предложении есть модальный глагол, он ставится в начало вопроса.
2. Special Questions (Специальные вопросы)
Специальные вопросы начинаются с вопросительного слова и используются для получения конкретной информации.
Часто используемые вопросительные слова:
who, what, when, where, why, how
Question word + Auxiliary / Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb
Why do you study English? — Почему ты изучаешь английский?
Where does he live? — Где он живёт?
How often do they practice? — Как часто они тренируются?
Если вопросительное слово является подлежащим, вспомогательный глагол не используется:
Who knows the answer? — Кто знает ответ?
Usage Tips
В специальном вопросе всегда проверяй позицию вопросительного слова.
Если вопросительное слово — подлежащее, порядок слов как в утверждении.
В Present Simple и Past Simple вспомогательные глаголы do / does / did обязательны.
Story
Choosing future plans is an important process for many teenagers. At some point, students start asking themselves serious questions about education and career goals. They want to know which subjects are useful, how much effort is required, and whether their interests match future opportunities.
Some students ask general questions when they talk to teachers or parents. They want to understand if a chosen path is realistic and if exams are really important for success. These questions help them feel more confident and reduce uncertainty. Others prefer special questions because they need detailed information. They ask why certain subjects are required and how universities select applicants.
Asking questions also helps students learn more effectively. When learners ask questions in class, they become active participants in the learning process. They do not just receive information but analyze it. This habit develops critical thinking and improves communication skills.
Over time, students understand that the ability to ask clear and correct questions is valuable not only at school but also in everyday life. Whether they are planning their future or solving a problem, questions help them make better decisions and understand the world around them more deeply.
Useful Words and Expressions
future plans — планы на будущее
career goals — карьерные цели
to ask questions — задавать вопросы
to require effort — требовать усилий
realistic — реалистичный
to reduce uncertainty — уменьшать неопределённость
detailed information — подробная информация
to select applicants — отбирать абитуриентов
learning process — процесс обучения
active participant — активный участник
to analyze information — анализировать информацию
critical thinking — критическое мышление
communication skills — коммуникативные навыки
everyday life — повседневная жизнь
to make decisions — принимать решения
to understand deeply — глубоко понимать
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct question form.
___ you understand this rule?
a) Do
b) Does
c) Are
___ does this subject seem important to students?
a) What
b) Why
c) When
___ finished the task first?
a) Who did
b) Who
c) Who does
___ they preparing for the exam now?
a) Do
b) Are
c) Have
___ often do you think about your future plans?
a) How
b) What
c) Where
Exercise 2. Choose the correct option.
Which sentence is a general question?
a) Why do students choose this subject?
b) Do students choose this subject?
c) Who chooses this subject?
Which sentence is a special question?
a) Are you ready for the exam?
b) You are ready for the exam, aren’t you?
c) How are you preparing for the exam?
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
What subjects do you find most interesting at school?
How often do you think about your future plans?
Who usually helps you make important decisions?
Why do you think communication skills are important?
What information do you usually ask for before making a choice?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
a
b
b
b
a
Exercise 2
b
c
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
I find English and history the most interesting subjects at school. They help me understand people and cultures better.
I think about my future plans quite often, especially before exams. This helps me stay motivated.
My parents usually help me make important decisions. They give practical advice and support me.
Communication skills are important because they help people express ideas clearly. They are useful in education and everyday life.
I usually ask for detailed information about requirements and opportunities. This helps me make better decisions.
Memory Tips
Если ответ yes / no — это общий вопрос.
Если вопрос начинается с wh-слова, это специальный вопрос.
Если сомневаешься, найди вспомогательный глагол и проверь инверсию.
Alternative and Tag Questions
Grammar Focus
Помимо общих и специальных вопросов, в английском языке широко используются альтернативные и разделительные вопросы. Эти типы вопросов проверяются в заданиях ЕГЭ на распознавание структуры и значения предложения.
1. Alternative Questions (Альтернативные вопросы)
Альтернативные вопросы предлагают выбор между двумя или более вариантами. Ответом на такой вопрос является выбор, а не yes или no.
Структура альтернативного вопроса:
с вспомогательным или модальным глаголом:
Auxiliary / Modal Verb + Subject + Verb + or + Alternative
Do you prefer studying at home or in the library? — Ты предпочитаешь заниматься дома или в библиотеке?
Is the exam on Monday or on Tuesday? — Экзамен в понедельник или во вторник?
Альтернатива может относиться не только к дополнению, но и к подлежащему или сказуемому:
Is English or history more difficult for you?
2. Tag Questions (Разделительные вопросы)
Разделительные вопросы используются для подтверждения информации и состоят из утверждения + короткого вопроса (tag).
Основные правила:
утвердительное предложение → отрицательный хвостик
отрицательное предложение → утвердительный хвостик
You are ready for the exam, aren’t you? — Ты готов к экзамену, не так ли?
She does not like tests, does she? — Она не любит тесты, правда?
Форма хвостика зависит от:
вспомогательного или модального глагола,
подлежащего.
Usage Tips
В альтернативных вопросах or не заменяет вспомогательный глагол.
Ответ на альтернативный вопрос не может быть yes/no.
В разделительных вопросах важно точно повторять вспомогательный глагол.
Story
Making choices is a regular part of student life. Teenagers often face decisions related to education, free time, and future plans. They compare different options and try to understand which one suits them better. Sometimes they ask alternative questions to clarify preferences and expectations.
For example, students may wonder whether it is better to study alone or with friends. They also think about whether online courses or traditional lessons are more effective. These questions help them organize their time and set priorities. The ability to choose wisely becomes especially important before exams.
Tag questions appear naturally in communication when students want to confirm information. They may ask classmates if the test is difficult or check whether homework is due tomorrow. These short questions make conversations more natural and polite.
Over time, learners realize that asking the right type of question helps them avoid misunderstandings. Alternative questions support decision-making, while tag questions help confirm facts. Both types are useful not only in exams but also in everyday communication.
Useful Words and Expressions
to make a choice — делать выбор
to face a decision — сталкиваться с решением
to compare options — сравнивать варианты
to suit someone — подходить кому-либо
preference — предпочтение
expectation — ожидание
to organize time — организовывать время
priority — приоритет
decision-making — принятие решений
to confirm information — подтверждать информацию
misunderstanding — недоразумение
effective — эффективный
traditional lessons — традиционные уроки
online courses — онлайн-курсы
everyday communication — повседневное общение
to avoid mistakes — избегать ошибок
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct option.
Do you prefer studying in the morning ___ in the evening?
a) but
b) or
c) and
She is preparing for the exam, ___ she?
a) is
b) isn’t
c) doesn’t
They do not like group work, ___ they?
a) do
b) don’t
c) do not
Is the test difficult ___ easy?
a) or
b) but
c) so
He has finished the task, ___ he?
a) hasn’t
b) doesn’t
c) isn’t
Exercise 2. Choose the correct option.
Which sentence is an alternative question?
a) Do you like English?
b) Why do you like English?
c) Do you like English or history?
Which sentence has a correct tag question?
a) She studies hard, doesn’t she?
b) She studies hard, isn’t she?
c) She studies hard, didn’t she?
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
Do you prefer studying at home or at school? Why?
Is it easier for you to study alone or with friends?
What activities do you usually choose in your free time?
Online lessons are useful, aren’t they? Why do you think so?
Exams are stressful, aren’t they? How do you deal with stress?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
b
b
a
a
a
Exercise 2
c
a
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
I prefer studying at home because it is quieter and more comfortable. I can focus better on my tasks.
It is easier for me to study with friends because we can help each other. This makes learning more effective.
I usually choose activities such as watching videos or listening to music. These activities help me relax.
Yes, online lessons are useful because they save time and give access to many resources. They are especially helpful when studying at home.
Yes, exams are stressful, but I try to manage stress by planning my time. Regular practice helps me feel more confident.
Memory Tips
Если в вопросе есть or с выбором — это альтернативный вопрос.
В разделительных вопросах хвостик всегда противоположен основной части.
Повтори вспомогательный глагол из предложения — и ошибка исчезнет.
Imperative Sentences: Affirmative and Negative Forms
Grammar Focus
Побудительные предложения (imperative sentences) используются для выражения приказов, инструкций, просьб, советов и предупреждений. В английском языке они широко применяются в учебных текстах, правилах и заданиях экзаменационного формата.
1. Affirmative Imperatives (Утвердительные побудительные предложения)
Утвердительная форма образуется с помощью глагола в начальной форме без подлежащего.
Open the book on page ten. — Открой книгу на странице десять.
Follow the instructions carefully. — Следуй инструкциям внимательно.
Подлежащее you подразумевается, но не используется.
2. Negative Imperatives (Отрицательные побудительные предложения)
Отрицательная форма образуется с помощью do not / don’t + инфинитив.
Do not forget to check your answers. — Не забудь проверить ответы.
Don’t use your phone during the test. — Не используй телефон во время теста.
3. Imperatives with «Let’s»
Форма Let’s + infinitive используется для предложений и совместных действий.
Let’s start the lesson. — Давайте начнём урок.
Let’s not waste time. — Давайте не будем тратить время.
Usage Tips
В побудительных предложениях нет подлежащего.
Отрицание всегда образуется с помощью do not.
Imperatives часто используются в инструкциях, правилах и заданиях.
Story
Good organization is essential during exam preparation. Teachers often give clear instructions to help students work effectively. They remind learners to read tasks carefully, manage time wisely, and stay focused during lessons. These short sentences guide students and create a structured learning environment.
At home, students also use imperative sentences when planning their study time. They make notes, create schedules, and set small goals. Simple instructions help them stay disciplined and avoid distractions. When preparation becomes stressful, advice such as taking short breaks or changing activities can make a difference.
Imperative sentences are not only connected with studying. Teenagers hear them in everyday situations from parents, coaches, and teachers. These sentences help people communicate expectations clearly and avoid misunderstandings. When used politely, they support cooperation and mutual respect.
Understanding how imperative sentences work allows students to follow instructions more easily and communicate their own ideas clearly. This skill is useful not only during exams but also in daily life, where clear guidance often leads to better results.
Useful Words and Expressions
exam preparation — подготовка к экзаменам
clear instructions — чёткие инструкции
to manage time — управлять временем
to stay focused — сохранять концентрацию
learning environment — учебная среда
to plan study time — планировать время для учёбы
to set goals — ставить цели
to avoid distractions — избегать отвлекающих факторов
to take a break — делать перерыв
advice — совет
cooperation — сотрудничество
mutual respect — взаимное уважение
to communicate expectations — сообщать ожидания
daily life — повседневная жизнь
to follow instructions — следовать инструкциям
effective results — эффективные результаты
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct form.
___ your answers before you finish the test.
a) Check
b) Checks
c) Checking
___ use your phone during the lesson.
a) Do not
b) Does not
c) Not
___ waste time on unnecessary details.
a) Not
b) Do not
c) Does not
Let’s ___ the task together.
a) to start
b) starting
c) start
___ carefully before choosing the answer.
a) Read
b) Reads
c) Reading
Exercise 2. Choose the correct option.
Which sentence is an imperative?
a) You read the text carefully.
b) Read the text carefully.
c) Are you reading the text carefully?
Which sentence is a negative imperative?
a) Do not forget your homework.
b) You do not forget your homework.
c) Forget your homework.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
What instructions do teachers usually give before a test?
What helps you stay focused while studying?
Do you usually plan your study time in advance? Why or why not?
What advice would you give to a student before an important exam?
What daily habits help you achieve better results at school?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
a
a
b
c
a
Exercise 2
b
a
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
Teachers usually tell students to read the tasks carefully and manage their time well. These instructions help avoid mistakes.
A quiet place and short breaks help me stay focused while studying. This improves my concentration.
Yes, I usually plan my study time in advance because it helps me organize tasks better. Planning reduces stress.
I would advise a student to stay calm and revise key topics regularly. This approach increases confidence.
Regular study and enough rest help me achieve better results at school. Good habits make learning more effective.
Memory Tips
Если предложение начинается с глагола — это побудительное предложение.
Для отрицания всегда используй do not.
Imperatives часто встречаются в заданиях-инструкциях — тренируй распознавание формы.
Simple Sentences: Extended and Unextended Forms
Grammar Focus
Простое предложение (simple sentence) содержит одну грамматическую основу — подлежащее и сказуемое. В английском языке простые предложения делятся на нераспространённые и распространённые, в зависимости от наличия второстепенных членов предложения.
1. Unextended Simple Sentences (Нераспространённые простые предложения)
Нераспространённые предложения состоят только из подлежащего и сказуемого.
Students learn. — Ученики учатся.
The test started. — Тест начался.
Такие предложения краткие и используются для передачи основной информации без деталей.
2. Extended Simple Sentences (Распространённые простые предложения)
Распространённые предложения включают дополнения, определения и обстоятельства, которые уточняют смысл.
Students learn English at school. — Ученики изучают английский в школе.
The test started early in the morning. — Тест начался рано утром.
Несмотря на наличие дополнительных элементов, предложение остаётся простым, так как содержит только одну грамматическую основу.
Usage Tips
Наличие нескольких второстепенных членов не делает предложение сложным.
Чтобы определить тип предложения, нужно найти количество грамматических основ.
Обстоятельства времени и места часто расширяют предложение, но не меняют его тип.
Story
Clear communication often starts with simple sentences. In everyday life, people use short statements to share basic information. These sentences help listeners understand the main idea quickly and without confusion. For example, a student may say that lessons begin early or that homework is difficult.
However, extended sentences are also important because they provide details. When students describe their school day, they usually add information about time, place, and reasons. These details help others understand the situation better. A sentence becomes richer and more informative when additional elements are included.
During exam preparation, students learn how to use both types effectively. Short sentences are useful for giving facts, while extended sentences help explain ideas more clearly. This balance allows learners to express thoughts accurately and logically.
Understanding the difference between unextended and extended simple sentences helps students improve writing skills. It also makes texts more structured and easier to follow. This knowledge is valuable for exams, where clear and correct sentence structure plays an important role.
Useful Words and Expressions
simple sentence — простое предложение
grammatical base — грамматическая основа
unextended sentence — нераспространённое предложение
extended sentence — распространённое предложение
secondary parts — второстепенные члены предложения
additional details — дополнительные детали
to clarify meaning — уточнять значение
everyday life — повседневная жизнь
main idea — основная мысль
to provide information — предоставлять информацию
to describe a situation — описывать ситуацию
exam preparation — подготовка к экзаменам
writing skills — навыки письма
logical structure — логическая структура
accurate expression — точное выражение мысли
Exercises
Exercise 1. Identify the type of sentence.
The lesson started.
The lesson started at nine o’clock.
Students work.
Students work together in groups.
The teacher explained the rule clearly.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct option.
Which sentence is unextended?
a) Students read books at home.
b) Students read.
c) Students read English books.
Which sentence is extended?
a) The test ended.
b) The test ended early.
c) The test ended.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
How do you usually describe your school day?
What details do you add when you talk about your studies?
Do you prefer short or detailed explanations? Why?
What helps you make your speech clearer?
When do you need to give more detailed information?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
Unextended simple sentence
Extended simple sentence
Unextended simple sentence
Extended simple sentence
Extended simple sentence
Exercise 2
b
b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
I usually describe my school day by mentioning lessons and homework. I sometimes add details about my mood.
I add details about subjects, teachers, and deadlines when I talk about my studies. This makes my explanation clearer.
I prefer detailed explanations because they help me understand ideas better. Details reduce confusion.
Clear structure and relevant details help me make my speech clearer. Simple sentences are also useful.
I need to give more detailed information when I explain a problem or share an experience. This helps others understand me better.
Memory Tips
Считай грамматические основы, а не слова.
Много обстоятельств ≠ сложное предложение.
Если основа одна — предложение простое.
The Order of Adverbials in a Sentence
Grammar Focus
Обстоятельства (adverbials) добавляют к предложению информацию о времени, месте, образе действия и степени. В английском языке важно соблюдать правильный порядок обстоятельств, особенно в распространённых простых предложениях.
1. Common Types of Adverbials
Manner (How?) — как выполняется действие
Place (Where?) — где происходит действие
Time (When?) — когда происходит действие
Frequency (How often?) — как часто происходит действие
Degree / Purpose (To what extent / Why?) — степень или цель
2. Standard Order of Adverbials
В распространённом простом предложении обстоятельства обычно следуют в следующем порядке:
Manner → Place → Time
She studies carefully at home every evening. — Она учится внимательно дома каждый вечер.
They played football enthusiastically in the park yesterday. — Они играли в футбол с энтузиазмом в парке вчера.
Если предложение короткое, порядок может быть гибким, но для письменной речи и ЕГЭ рекомендуется придерживаться стандартного порядка.
3. Frequency Adverbs
Наречия частоты обычно ставятся перед основным глаголом, но после глагола to be:
I usually do my homework in the evening. — Я обычно делаю домашнюю работу вечером.
She is always attentive in class. — Она всегда внимательна на уроке.
Usage Tips
Сначала образ действия (how), затем место (where) и время (when).
Наречия частоты обычно перед основным глаголом, но после глагола to be.
Нарушение порядка обстоятельств может сделать предложение неестественным.
Story
Anna always plans her study schedule carefully. She usually starts with the most difficult subjects in the morning, at home, before breakfast. Then she goes to school and participates actively in lessons. After school, she studies additional materials quietly in the library. On weekends, she revises lessons thoroughly at her friend’s house.
Sometimes Anna changes the order of her activities depending on tests or deadlines. However, she tries to follow her usual routine because it helps her remember new information better. Her friends often ask her how she manages to study so effectively. Anna explains that the key is to plan carefully, study regularly, and organize time wisely.
Understanding the order of adverbials also helps Anna write clear sentences for assignments. Teachers notice that her essays are well-structured and easy to read. Learning the proper placement of adverbials improves both speaking and writing skills. By following a logical order, students can make their sentences more natural and informative.
Useful Words and Expressions
study schedule — расписание занятий
plan carefully — планировать внимательно
difficult subjects — сложные предметы
in the morning — утром
at home — дома
before breakfast — до завтрака
participate actively — участвовать активно
additional materials — дополнительные материалы
quietly — тихо
thoroughly — тщательно
depending on — в зависимости от
usual routine — обычная рутина
remember information — запоминать информацию
assignments — задания
well-structured — хорошо структурированный
natural sentences — естественные предложения
Exercises
Exercise 1. Put adverbials in the correct order.
(carefully / at school / every day) — She studies…
(in the morning / quickly / at home) — I do my homework…
(thoroughly / in the library / after school) — They revise lessons…
(actively / during lessons / usually) — Students participate…
(quietly / on weekends / at her friend’s house) — Anna studies…
Exercise 2. Choose the correct sentence.
a) She studies every day at home carefully.
b) She studies carefully at home every day.
a) I usually go to school in the morning quickly.
b) I usually go to school quickly in the morning.
a) They revise thoroughly lessons after school.
b) They revise lessons thoroughly after school.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
How do you usually organize your study time?
Where do you like to study most? Why?
When do you usually do homework?
How do you prepare for tests?
What helps you remember information better?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
She studies carefully at school every day.
I do my homework quickly in the morning at home.
They revise lessons thoroughly in the library after school.
Students usually participate actively during lessons.
Anna studies quietly at her friend’s house on weekends.
Exercise 2
b
b
b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
I usually organize my study time by making a schedule for each subject. This helps me stay focused.
I like to study at home because it is quiet and comfortable. I can concentrate better there.
I usually do homework in the evening after school. This time is free from distractions.
I prepare for tests by reviewing notes and practicing tasks. Regular practice improves my results.
Writing summaries and repeating information helps me remember it better. Practice and repetition are key.
Memory Tips
Порядок для обычного предложения: How → Where → When.
Наречия частоты — перед глаголом (кроме to be).
Соблюдай порядок, чтобы предложения звучали естественно и ясно.
Sentences with the Formal Subject «It»
Grammar Focus
В английском языке иногда используют формальное подлежащее «It» для того, чтобы сделать предложение более естественным и плавным. Обычно оно появляется, когда реальное подлежащее слишком длинное или находится позже в предложении.
1. It + be + adjective / noun + to-infinitive
Используется, чтобы подчеркнуть, что что-то важно, легко, трудно, полезно и т. д. выполнить:
It is important to study every day. — Важно заниматься каждый день.
It is difficult to finish the homework on time. — Сложно закончить домашнее задание вовремя.
2. It + takes / took + person + time + to-infinitive
Используется для указания сколько времени занимает действие:
It takes me 30 minutes to do my homework. — У меня занимает 30 минут, чтобы сделать домашнее задание.
It took them two hours to prepare for the test. — У них ушло два часа на подготовку к тесту.
3. It + seems / appears / looks / feels + adjective
Используется для выражения впечатлений, мнений, оценок:
It seems difficult to understand the topic. — Кажется, что тему трудно понять.
It feels good to finish tasks on time. — Приятно заканчивать задания вовремя.
Usage Tips
Формальное It не имеет конкретного значения — оно заменяет длинное подлежащее.
Реальное подлежащее чаще всего инфинитив или придаточное предложение.
Используйте их для плавного выражения мыслей и описания действий.
Story
Last week, our school organized a special event for students. It was important to prepare the classroom carefully, so everything looked neat and welcoming. It took the teachers and students several hours to decorate the room and set up all the materials for the lesson. Everyone was excited because this event helped students understand the topic better.
During the preparation, it seemed that organizing everything was a difficult task. It felt tiring at times, but everyone enjoyed the process. Many students realized that teamwork is effective when everyone participates actively. It is rewarding to see the results of your efforts, especially when the classroom looks beautiful and ready for the lesson.
After the event, teachers said that it was helpful to involve students in preparation, as it motivated them and made them responsible. Some students shared that it seemed easy to work in a team, even though they expected it to be difficult. Everyone learned that planning, cooperation, and careful work bring good results.
Useful Words and Expressions
formal subject — формальное подлежащее
to study every day — заниматься каждый день
to finish homework — закончить домашнее задание
on time — вовремя
difficult — сложно
important — важно
takes time — занимать время
to prepare — готовить
to decorate — украшать
materials — материалы
exciting — захватывающий
effective — эффективный
teamwork — работа в команде
active participation — активное участие
rewarding — полезно, приятно
to motivate — мотивировать
responsible — ответственный
Exercises
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using «It» constructions.
___ important to review notes before the test.
___ takes me 20 minutes to do exercises.
___ seems difficult to understand this rule.
___ felt great to finish the project on time.
___ is helpful to work in a group.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct sentence.
a) It takes me to write an essay one hour.
b) It takes me one hour to write an essay.
a) It seems easy to solve this task.
b) It easy seems to solve this task.
a) It is important doing homework regularly.
b) It is important to do homework regularly.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
What is important for you when preparing for a test?
How long does it usually take you to do homework?
Does it feel easy or difficult to study new topics? Why?
When does it seem helpful to ask teachers for advice?
What activities are rewarding for you at school?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
It is important to review notes before the test.
It takes me 20 minutes to do exercises.
It seems difficult to understand this rule.
It felt great to finish the project on time.
It is helpful to work in a group.
Exercise 2
b
a
b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
It is important to review notes and prepare questions before a test. This helps me feel confident.
It usually takes me about 30–40 minutes to do my homework. Planning helps me save time.
It feels difficult to study new topics at first, but practice makes it easier.
It seems helpful to ask teachers for advice when I do not understand a topic. This improves my learning.
It is rewarding to participate in projects and school competitions because I learn new skills.
Memory Tips
Если предложение начинается с It + adjective / verb, проверь, что реальное подлежащее идёт после.
It takes / It is important / It seems — самые частые конструкции для ЕГЭ.
Используй эти конструкции, чтобы писать более плавно и естественно.
The «It Takes Me… to Do Something» Construction
Grammar Focus
Конструкция It takes + person + время + to-infinitive используется для выражения времени, которое требуется на выполнение действия. Она часто встречается в разговорной и письменной речи, а также в заданиях ЕГЭ.
1. Формула
It takes + [person] + [time] + to + [verb]
It takes me 30 minutes to do my homework. — У меня занимает 30 минут, чтобы сделать домашнее задание.
It took them two hours to prepare for the test. — У них ушло два часа на подготовку к тесту.
2. Настоящее, прошедшее и будущее время
Present: It takes me an hour to read this book. — У меня уходит час на прочтение этой книги.
Past: It took her 20 minutes to solve the problem. — У неё ушло 20 минут, чтобы решить задачу.
Future: It will take us a long time to finish the project. — Нам потребуется много времени, чтобы закончить проект.
3. Отрицательная форма
Чтобы сделать предложение отрицательным, добавляется not перед глаголом take:
It does not take me long to clean my room. — У меня не занимает много времени уборка комнаты.
Usage Tips
Конструкция It takes… to do something всегда указывает на длительность действия.
Используйте правильное время (takes / took / will take) в зависимости от ситуации.
Эта конструкция полезна для описания распорядка, учебных процессов и повседневной деятельности.
Story
Every morning, Maria follows a strict routine. It takes her 15 minutes to get ready for school, so she always wakes up early. Breakfast is quick, and it takes her 10 minutes to eat it. After that, she goes to the bus stop. It takes her 20 minutes to reach school, depending on traffic.
During the day, Maria studies different subjects. It takes her about 40 minutes to finish homework for each subject, so she has to manage her time carefully. Sometimes she listens to music while working, and it does not take her longer to complete tasks.
On weekends, Maria does household chores. It usually takes her an hour to clean her room, and she enjoys the feeling of tidiness afterward. She also practices sports, and it takes her 30 minutes to run in the park. Maria has learned that planning time for each activity helps her stay organized and reduces stress.
Teachers often remind students that it takes time to learn something new, and consistent practice is the key to success. Maria believes that following this advice makes studying easier and more productive.
Useful Words and Expressions
it takes + person + time — уходит/требуется время
to do homework — делать домашнюю работу
to get ready — собираться
breakfast — завтрак
bus stop — автобусная остановка
depending on — в зависимости от
to finish — закончить
subjects — предметы
to manage time — управлять временем
to listen to music — слушать музыку
household chores — домашние обязанности
to clean the room — убирать комнату
sports — спорт
to run — бегать
consistent practice — регулярная практика
key to success — ключ к успеху
to stay organized — быть организованным
Exercises
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences.
___ me 10 minutes to eat breakfast.
___ her 20 minutes to reach school.
___ them 30 minutes to finish the project.
___ me long to clean my room. (negative)
___ us a long time to prepare for the test.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct option.
a) It takes me to do homework one hour.
b) It takes me one hour to do homework.
a) It took her 15 minutes to read the text.
b) It took her to read the text 15 minutes.
a) It does not take me long to complete the task.
b) It not take me long to complete the task.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
How long does it take you to get ready in the morning?
How much time do you spend on homework daily?
Does it take you long to prepare for exams? Why?
What daily activity does not take you much time?
How can planning help reduce the time spent on tasks?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
It takes me 10 minutes to eat breakfast.
It takes her 20 minutes to reach school.
It takes them 30 minutes to finish the project.
It does not take me long to clean my room.
It will take us a long time to prepare for the test.
Exercise 2
b
a
a
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
It usually takes me 20 minutes to get ready in the morning. I wake up early to have enough time.
It takes me about two hours to complete homework daily. I try to do it regularly.
Yes, it takes me a long time to prepare for exams because I revise all subjects carefully.
It does not take me long to eat breakfast. I usually finish in 10–15 minutes.
Planning helps reduce time because I know exactly what to do and can work efficiently.
Memory Tips
It takes / It took / It will take — всегда используйте правильное время.
Для отрицательной формы ставьте does not / did not / will not перед take.
Используйте эту конструкцию для описания длительности действий в повседневной жизни и учебе.
Sentences with «There + to be»
Grammar Focus
В английском языке конструкция There + to be используется для указания на существование чего-либо или для описания наличия предметов, людей, событий. Она помогает сделать предложение более естественным и информативным.
1. Формула
There + is / are / was / were + noun (+ additional information)
There is a book on the table. — На столе есть книга.
There are many students in the classroom. — В классе много учеников.
There was a test yesterday. — Вчера был тест.
There were three chairs in the room. — В комнате было три стула.
2. Вопросительная форма
Чтобы задать вопрос, поменяйте местами to be и there:
Is there a computer in the room? — Есть ли компьютер в комнате?
Were there many people at the event? — Было ли много людей на мероприятии?
3. Отрицательная форма
There is not (isn’t) a pen on the desk. — На столе нет ручки.
There were not (weren’t) any mistakes in the test. — В тесте не было ошибок.
Usage Tips
There + to be чаще используется для описания наличия или отсутствия чего-либо.
В прошедшем времени используйте was / were, а в будущем — will be.
Конструкция помогает плавно вводить новые предметы, людей или события в разговоре или тексте.
На ЕГЭ важно правильно согласовывать число существительного с формой глагола to be.
Story
Last Monday, our class went on a school trip. There were many students in the classroom, excited to go. There was a lot of preparation before the trip, and the teachers made sure everything was ready. At the bus station, there was a big bus waiting for us, and it was comfortable for all the students.
During the trip, there were beautiful views of the mountains and the river, which everyone enjoyed. Some students noticed that there were interesting animals in the park, and they took many photos. By the end of the day, there were happy and tired students returning to school, satisfied with the trip.
Teachers reminded the students that there is always something to learn from excursions, not just from lessons. Maria thought that there was a lot of fun and knowledge combined in one day, and she hoped to go on another trip soon.
Useful Words and Expressions
there is / there are — есть / существуют
there was / there were — был / были
there isn’t / there aren’t — нет
there wasn’t / there weren’t — не было
school trip — школьная поездка
classroom — класс
preparation — подготовка
bus station — автобусная станция
bus — автобус
comfortable — удобный
beautiful views — красивые виды
mountains — горы
river — река
animals — животные
excursion — экскурсия
happy — довольный
satisfied — удовлетворённый
Exercises
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences.
___ a library in our school.
___ many students in the playground yesterday.
___ not any chairs in the classroom.
___ a lot of fun during the school trip.
___ a teacher waiting for the students at the bus station.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct option.
a) There is many books on the table.
b) There are many books on the table.
a) Was there a test yesterday?
b) Were there a test yesterday?
a) There weren’t any mistakes in the exercise.
b) There wasn’t any mistakes in the exercise.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
Is there a library at your school?
Were there many students in your class yesterday?
Was there a test last week?
What interesting things are there in your classroom?
Were there any exciting events at school recently?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
There is a library in our school.
There were many students in the playground yesterday.
There aren’t any chairs in the classroom.
There was a lot of fun during the school trip.
There was a teacher waiting for the students at the bus station.
Exercise 2
b
a
a
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
Yes, there is a library at my school. It has many books and computers.
Yes, there were many students in my class yesterday because we had a special lesson.
Yes, there was a test last week in mathematics. It was quite difficult.
In my classroom, there are many posters, a whiteboard, and a computer.
Yes, there were exciting events at school last month, including a sports competition and a music concert.
Memory Tips
There + to be = указывает на наличие или отсутствие.
Не забудьте согласовывать число существительного с is / are / was / were.
Для отрицания используйте not: isn’t / aren’t / wasn’t / weren’t.
Sentences with Linking Verbs (to be, to look, to seem, to feel)
Grammar Focus
Глаголы-связки (linking verbs) соединяют подлежащее с сказуемым-имя прилагательное или существительное, описывая состояние, внешний вид, ощущения или качество. Основные глаголы-связки: to be, to look, to seem, to feel.
1. To be
Используется для выражения состояния или характеристики:
She is happy. — Она счастлива.
The lesson is interesting. — Урок интересный.
2. To look
Используется для описания внешнего вида или визуального впечатления:
He looks tired. — Он выглядит уставшим.
The room looks clean. — Комната выглядит чистой.
3. To seem
Используется для выражения впечатления или предположения:
It seems difficult. — Кажется, это сложно.
She seems friendly. — Кажется, она дружелюбная.
4. To feel
Используется для описания внутренних ощущений или эмоций:
I feel cold. — Мне холодно.
He feels excited about the trip. — Он чувствует волнение перед поездкой.
Usage Tips
После глаголов-связок обычно стоит прилагательное, существительное или причастие, а не глагол в полной форме.
Look и seem часто используются для субъективных оценок.
Feel описывает ощущения субъективно, от первого лица чаще всего.
В ЕГЭ важно различать: I am happy ≠ I look happy (первое — внутреннее состояние, второе — внешний вид).
Story
Yesterday, Anna woke up early because she had an important test. She felt nervous, but at the same time excited. After breakfast, she looked at herself in the mirror. She looked ready for the challenge, with a confident smile.
At school, the classroom seemed quiet and calm. Some students were reviewing their notes, and some were chatting softly. Anna thought that the teacher seemed friendly, which helped her relax a little. During the test, she noticed that her classmates looked focused and concentrated.
After finishing the test, Anna felt proud of her efforts. She realized that learning new things is interesting and rewarding, even if it sometimes seems difficult. On the way home, she looked at the trees and flowers outside. Everything looked beautiful, and she felt happy to have a productive day.
Useful Words and Expressions
to be — быть
happy — счастливый
excited — взволнованный, радостный
nervous — нервный
to look — выглядеть
ready — готовый
confident — уверенный
challenge — вызов
to seem — казаться
quiet — тихий
calm — спокойный
friendly — дружелюбный
focused — сосредоточенный
concentrated — сосредоточенный
proud — гордый
efforts — усилия
rewarding — полезный, приносящий удовлетворение
beautiful — красивый
Exercises
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences with the correct linking verb.
She ___ tired after the long day.
The task ___ difficult for most students.
He ___ excited about the trip tomorrow.
The classroom ___ quiet and clean.
I ___ happy with my results.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct sentence.
a) She looks happy today.
b) She looks to be happy today.
a) The lesson seems interesting.
b) The lesson seems to interesting.
a) I feel tired after the test.
b) I feel to be tired after the test.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
How do you feel when you have an important test?
How do your friends look when they are happy?
Does the classroom seem calm during lessons?
How do you feel after finishing homework?
Who looks confident in your class and why?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
is
seems
is / feels (depending on context; both correct)
looks
am
Exercise 2
a
a
a
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
I feel nervous before an important test, but I try to stay calm.
My friends look happy when they receive good grades or play games together.
Yes, the classroom seems calm during lessons because students focus on their work.
I feel relieved and satisfied after finishing homework.
Anna looks confident in my class because she prepares carefully and stays organized.
Memory Tips
To be = описание состояния или характеристики.
Look / Seem = внешний вид или впечатление.
Feel = внутренние ощущения.
После linking verbs не ставим полноценный глагол.
Complex Subject
Grammar Focus
Сложное подлежащее (Complex Subject) используется, когда подлежащее в предложении выражается не просто именем существительным, а целой фразой или инфинитивом, особенно после глаголов seem, appear, be believed, be thought.
1. Формула
[someone/something] + [verb] + to + [verb]
He seems to be tired. — Кажется, он устал.
The problem appears to be difficult. — Проблема кажется сложной.
She is believed to know the answer. — Считается, что она знает ответ.
2. Использование в настоящем и прошедшем времени
Present: He seems to be happy. — Кажется, он счастлив.
Past: He seemed to be happy yesterday. — Кажется, он был счастлив вчера.
3. После глаголов восприятия и предположения
Часто используется с: seem, appear, be believed, be thought, be known, be considered:
The student is thought to be clever. — Считается, что студент умный.
The lesson seems to be interesting. — Кажется, урок интересный.
Usage Tips
После Complex Subject всегда используется to + infinitive.
Чаще встречается в формальной речи, официальных текстах и заданиях ЕГЭ.
Часто используется для выражения мнения, предположения или оценки.
Story
Last week, our school organized a science competition. The event seemed to be very exciting for all students. Everyone prepared their projects carefully. Some students worked in teams, and their projects were believed to be the best by the teachers.
During the competition, the presentations appeared to be interesting, and the judges listened carefully. Anna participated with her project about renewable energy. She was thought to know a lot about the topic, and her explanations were clear.
After the competition, the results were announced. The students who seemed to be confident performed the best. Everyone learned that preparation and practice are important. Teachers said that the event was considered to be successful, and students were proud of their achievements.
Useful Words and Expressions
complex subject — сложное подлежащее
to seem — казаться
to appear — казаться, показываться
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