Бесплатный фрагмент - Develop regional ecological medical humanities education under the new medical construction system

“Develop regional ecological medical humanities education under the new medical construction system”

Chapter 1. Develop regional ecological of development

Chapter 2. The theoretical construction of dignity in the context of modern science, technology, and culture

Conclusion

References

Chapter 1. Develop regional ecological of development

Russia and China, two neighboring countries, play an important role in the international community, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. Their bilateral relations have always played an important role in each country’s foreign economy. Countries are closely linked not only geographically, but also in geopolitical, economic, historical, and cultural exchanges.

In the past 20 years, China and Russia’s economic and trade cooperation has achieved rapid development, with bilateral trade volume increasing by more than 11 times.

In the 21st century, China and Russia are two big countries – strategic partners. Under the background of globalization, they are facing similar challenges and threats to a large extent. Only by developing and deepening good-neighborly friendship, strategic coordination and cooperation can our two countries confidently embark on the path of development, taking into account the independent choice of the Chinese and Russian people.

In 2012, the bilateral trade volume reached a record US $88.15 billion. China has become Russia’s largest trading partner for the second consecutive year.

The bilateral trade volume reached 89.21 billion US dollars in 2013.

China is Russia’s neighbor, and the border between the two countries is the longest in the world. Our two countries have a long history of good neighborly relations.

The regular meeting mechanism between the heads of government of China and Russia is gradually becoming an important platform for managing and coordinating the practical cooperation between the two countries in various aspects and has achieved fruitful results. This has played an important role in promoting the comprehensive and sustainable development of the China-Russia strategic partnership and collaboration.

In recent years, Russia and China’s economic and trade relations have flourished. To be sure, trade and economic components have become an important part of the entire bilateral cooperation complex.

As we all know, China and Russia have established a comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination. At the beginning of 2013, President Xi visited Russia for the first time. This is the continuation of President Xi’s first visit to Russia since he took office, which reflects his special concern for bilateral relations. To be sure, China-Russia relations have entered a new stage conducive to comprehensive cooperation.

The diplomatic relations between China and Russia began about 400 years ago, and the economic relations between the two countries began to develop from private trade in the border areas. In 1689, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nerchin (1689–1706), establishing a formal trade treaty relationship, and marking the beginning of the Sino-Russian trade record.

With the signing of the Treaty of Nerchin between Russia and the Manchu Empire, Sino-Russian trade relations became tenser. However, the Qing government categorically prohibited businessmen from going abroad, so Russian businessmen were active participants in the trade. The trade relationship between China and Russia is mainly established by sending a batch of buses mainly loaded with furs to Beijing every three years.

The first caravans set out in 1698. This system lasted until 1762. In the first four caravans, each had up to 400 people of different categories (traders, escorts, and workers).

Since 1706, only those who entered the caravan state can have their goods in the caravan – agents, kisses, etc. D. Other matters The caravan was led by a trusted businessman, who was led by a government commissioner, four kissers, and a guard officer composed of 100 Cossacks. The total number of government motorcade management and protection personnel reached 200. The caravan is organized every three years, and it only takes one year. The caravan marched along a route called “tea ceremony”.

In the middle of the 19th century, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Aigong (1858) and the Treaty of Beijing (1860), defining a new border. The Amur River (Heilongjiang River) became the border river between the two countries. Since then, Heilongjiang has become the main link to Sino Russian border trade.

In 1921, the CPC was founded. In 1928, Jiang Zemin became President of the Nanjing National Government. He is the representative of the Kuomintang in China. He believed that the first is the stability of domestic affairs, and the second is the participation in foreign affairs. In 1937, Japan invaded China and the national liberation war broke out. During China’s war with Japan, Russia provided comprehensive assistance to China.

The Chinese call the Russians “Big Brother”. However, trade between China and Russia did not stop until 1945.

On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong announced the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, and China and Russia strengthened ties.

The Soviet Union was the first country to establish diplomatic relations with New China. On October 2, 1949, The Soviet Union officially announced diplomatic recognition and exchanged ambassadors with China.

From October 1949 to the end of 1950, at the peak of Sino-Soviet economic relations, the trade between the Soviet Union and China accounted for more than half of China’s trade, and the Soviet Union was the main trading partner. China and the Soviet Union rapidly expanded bilateral economic and trade cooperation, bringing considerable income to both sides and promoting economic development.

In 1957, Mao Zedong began a new trade, which lasted only a short time until 1964. After a series of political and military conflicts, trade and economic relations stopped completely, and the previously signed trade contracts were canceled.

There are both difficult and tragic chapters in the history of Russia-China relations and the history of Soviet-China relations. In the 1950s, the two countries enjoyed a friendly and even brotherly alliance. In the 1960s and 1970s, relations deteriorated sharply, Various incidents were reported, including armed border clashes. The most serious conflict occurred in March 1969. upper Damanskoi River Ussuri caused casualties on both sides.

Tensions in border areas between the two countries in the mid-1980s Our century began to decline under the influence of internal and external factors. At the same time, a lot of work has been done to determine the boundary line to resolve the previously disputed issues.

In 1983, the Soviet Union and China agreed to resume trade relations. The first batch of goods flowed between the Heihe River and Blagoveshchensk through border trade. In September 1986, bilateral trade between the Soviet Union and China officially began.

The normalization of Soviet-China relations has played an important role in the economic recovery, especially in the province’s foreign trade. In the 1980s China began to attach great importance to the development of border trade, and the Russian Far East and Siberia became the main rivals of the province. It is worth mentioning the main period when these connections were formed.

In 1983, the Soviet Union and China agreed to resume trade relations. The first batch of goods flowed between the Heihe River and Blagoveshchensk through border trade. In September 1986, bilateral trade between the Soviet Union and China officially began.

The normalization of Soviet-China relations has played an important role in the economic recovery, especially in the province’s foreign trade. In the 1980s China began to attach great importance to the development of border trade, and the Russian Far East and Siberia became the main rivals of the province. It is worth mentioning the main period when these connections were formed.

1983 Border trade between Heilongjiang Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Khabarovsk, Binhai Border Region, Amur Prefecture, and Chita Prefecture has resumed. Later, other regions of the Soviet Union and Chinese provinces also joined the border trade system.

Since 1984 Tensions between China and the Soviet Union began to ease and social relations began to recover. Over the years, several Russian and Chinese experts and entrepreneurs have held seminars on economic and trade cooperation between the Soviet Union and China.

1983–1987 Border trade not only increased foreign exchange income but also met the demand for food and scarce consumer goods in the eastern part of the Soviet Union, reducing the import of expensive goods from the European part of the country. The development of bilateral economic and trade relations is an important factor in the normalization of relations. At the same time, the legal basis of China’s border cooperation is also being updated.

1987 The regulations on border trade settlement procedures, the establishment of border technical and economic cooperation zones, border market trade activities, the organization of the movement of goods through border crossing points, and the stay of individuals in border areas have come into force.

1988–1993 Rapid development stage. 1988 The provincial government approved the government’s new strategic policy of “connecting the south and opening the north”. Take advantage of the favorable conditions in the formulation of the Eighth Five Year Plan and the Outline for Social and Economic Development in the 1990s The State Council adopted the Document on the Development of Border Trade and Technical and Economic Cooperation with the Soviet Union. According to the document, the province has obtained a series of important privileges (24 specific preferences have been stipulated), has the right to independently establish border companies, and has established 188 companies trading with the Soviet Union.

In 1989 Suifenhe, Heilongjiang, and Tongjiang three major freight transit points were opened.

At the same time, on other hand, the former Soviet Union has also experienced an irreversible political and economic process. The disintegration of the Soviet Union destroyed traditional economic ties and made the Far East and its raw material economy in a predicament. The region had no choice but to develop its foreign economic activities with its neighbors in Northeast Asia. At the same time, in the case of a serious shortage of food and manufactured goods, due to the sharp decline in the purchasing power of residents, the import of cheap, often poor-quality products increased sharply. From China.

1992 The State Council has approved the special preferential treatment for Suifenhe border cities in Heilongjiang Province. Hangzhou (Jilin), Manchuria (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). It provides tax incentives (the industrial income tax rate is reduced from 33% to 24%, tax-free in the first three years of profitable activities, and reduced by 50% in the following four years); Tariff preference (halve the import tax and the unified industrial and commercial tax on raw materials and equipment imported as investment capital, etc.)

Due to the lack of convertible currencies, trade and many forms of technical and economic cooperation (construction contracts, labor services, joint venture construction) are mainly conducted in the form of barter. Prices are negotiated following the principles outlined in the Inter-State Trade Protocol. The calculation is based on Swiss francs. This trade was accompanied by the undervaluation of the export value of Russian companies, which reduced tariffs, and made the investment capital relatively quickly reverse by rapidly selling Chinese food and consumer goods in Russia’s scarce market. For Chinese entrepreneurs, this kind of transaction is very convenient, because the document processing is simple and the financial guarantee is minimal. In addition, due to the weak control of foreign trade departments, barter is beneficial to them. The turbulent situation of border trade in the early 1990s. This has led to the rapid growth of cross-border trade. In Heilongjiang Province, the number of these companies has increased to 8000 in a few years.

Since the second half of 1993, As Russia tightened barter and shuttle trade rules, increased food import tariffs, and implemented the mutual visit visa system, the trade volume showed a downward trend. In addition, the flow of Western European manufacturers’ products into the Russian market increased, while Russian consumers’ confidence in the quality of Chinese products began to decline. This has affected border cooperation and the difficult economic situation of some Russian enterprises, as well as their low degree of performance of the signed contracts.

The early 1990s Compared with the Soviet period, the scope of the province’s export commodities has expanded from hundreds of projects to thousands of projects. Russia exports clothing and footwear, household appliances, building materials, cereals, vegetables, and fruits, and Russia mainly supplies raw materials.

Before the early 1990s, bilateral trade was conducted based on liquidation, but it began in early 1991. The scope of liquidation is greatly reduced. In addition, it is only used to provide services for goods between the Central Foreign Trade Corporation under intergovernmental agreements.

At the end of 1991. All Chinese citizens with foreign exchange income or traveling abroad can freely buy and sell RMB at the market exchange rate in state-owned banking institutions.

1992 They account for only 10 percent of trade. The proportion of decentralized trade channels (direct contact, cross-border trade, delivery through a third country, barter trade) has increased.

At the same time, these changes have little impact on the structure of Russian export products.

1992–1993 Russia’s demand for Chinese goods had an “explosive effect”. The lack of funds in freely convertible currencies (SQV) between the two sides has made barter trade particularly popular. 1993. This proportion has increased. Most of the timber, trucks, tractors, combine harvesters, machine tools, and mining equipment supplied to China are paid for through the repurchase of the food industry, textiles, and consumer electronics. The main products sold to China in convertible currencies are fertilizers, helicopter parts, and automobiles. By the beginning of 1993, Obviously, with the improvement of China’s foreign exchange capacity, Russian experts began to notice that the willingness of Chinese counterparts to pay for supply to SKV has increased.

1993. The bilateral trade volume between China and Russia reached 7.7 billion US dollars. Poor supervision, especially the lack of control over China’s export quality, and the large number of fake and shoddy goods in the Russian market have weakened people’s confidence in Chinese entrepreneurs and Chinese goods in Russia.

A large part of Russia’s imports from 1992 to 1993. These activities are carried out by individuals (so-called “shuttles”) who travel once to a neighboring country. These purchases are rarely reflected in the statistical data. If they are taken into account, Russia’s bilateral trade surplus will be significantly reduced.

1994–1999 Reconciliation period. Within the scope approved by the State, carry out border small volume trade of enterprises and trade organizations in border areas through the land border crossing points designated by the State.

The circular also defines the form of cross-border trade, defines cross-border trade according to international standards, and explains the characteristics of tax policies.

Due to the goodwill and diplomatic efforts of both sides, the relationship was normalized. On April 25, 1996, the Joint Declaration on the Basic Principles of Relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation was adopted, which was the outcome of the first Sino-Russian summit. At that time, Russian President Vladimir Putin attended the meeting. Yeltsin visited Beijing.

The Declaration officially announced for the first time the establishment of a partnership of equality and trust to achieve strategic coordination in the 21st century. China believes that the remarkable feature of the new relations is strategic cooperation, not an alliance. Interaction is considered a better form of relationship than the Soviet Union.

By the end of 1996. The modern normative legal basis of the People’s Republic of China on border cooperation and border trade has been formed. The legislation stipulates the general principles, tasks, restrictions, and borders of border trade (including a transaction amount and territorial scope), determines the status of participants, and determines the authority of the state administrative agencies responsible for border trade. Therefore, the absence of an intergovernmental agreement on border trade between China and Russia does not prevent China from formulating “complete” national legislation to determine its system. Russia is first interested in China’s monetary and financial documents (encouraging the use of local currency in border trade), as well as documents that determine the direction of further socio-economic development in the areas bordering China and Russia and the development of China’s border trade.

By 1996. The negative trend of economic and trade cooperation between Heilongjiang Province and Russia has been reversed. The two sides jointly chose a strategy to promote mutual trade, simplified the structure of commodity circulation, and expanded business based on freely convertible currencies. 1996 The foreign trade volume between Russia and China is 6.8 billion US dollars, with Heilongjiang Province accounting for about 12%. Modern forms of economic cooperation, such as production cooperation, raw material processing, and industrial assembly, are still rarely mastered. In 1996, half of the total border trade volume of 19 counties in Heilongjiang Province. Shuttle trade.

December. Heilongjiang Provincial Government held a seminar on economic and trade relations with Russia in Harbin. The participants proposed the “three breakthroughs” strategy for relations with Russia: expanding the scale of trade transactions, improving the quality of goods, expanding the field of economic and trade cooperation, and implementing large-scale projects. The positive momentum of cooperation has become increasingly evident. By the end of 1998. A total of 600 Chinese enterprises and 1000 Russian enterprises participated (70% of which were enterprises in the Binhai Border Region, Khabarovsk Border Region, and Amur Prefecture).

The economic reform of the two countries is an important factor in promoting bilateral economic cooperation. They occur under different social and political conditions and at different speeds. The leaders of the two countries have different views on the outcome. However, the reform process of our countries has much in common. First of all, we should break the old balanced distribution system, develop market relations and diversified business models, and actively use external economic growth factors to open up.

Due to the poor quality of commodities and the decline of the Russian economy, the total foreign trade volume has dropped significantly. Therefore, even if the long-standing border problem has been solved and the strategic partnership has been established through the development of China-Russia political relations, economic and trade exchanges are too cold. In 1999, it was only $5.72 billion.

Since 2000 The first half of 2008- A period of stability and gradual development of cooperation.

The most fruitful period of economic and trade relations between Heilongjiang and Russia was the tenth five-year plan of China (2001–2005). According to Chinese customs statistics, the trade volume has increased more than four times in recent years.

The basic principles of Russia-China relations, the main directions, and fields of bilateral cooperation are reflected in the Treaty of Good Neighbourliness, Friendship, and Cooperation of the People’s Republic of China signed by the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China in Moscow. Jiang Zemin, President of the People’s Republic of China, July 16, 2001. China’s position has been clarified in Jiang Zemin’s speech. He pointed out that the central idea is to develop long-term good-neighborly friendship and mutually beneficial cooperation between the two countries based on rejecting alliances, confrontation, and opposition to third countries. Jiang Zemin called this relationship “a new model in the 21st century”.

At that time, the trade and economic relations were mainly ordinary and small-batch border trade. It was during this period that China made trade policy adjustments, which led to the reduction of regional trade preferences and weakened the advantages of cross-border small-volume trade; Russia has taken measures to restrict the export of natural raw materials and primary processed products.

We cannot ignore such an important form of trade, such as the shuttle trade. Its main feature is its great “flexibility” because its scope changes depending on the actual market demand. The rapid development of shuttle trade in the province and the continuous expansion of commodity categories have led to the adjustment of the statistical system: since 2001. “Shuttle trade” was officially included in China’s national export statistics.

This practice seems to hinder the economic development of the province; Its leadership seems to be less interested in production modernization and other innovations because there is enough money flowing into personal pockets from unregulated cross-border commodity flows. Thousands of small enterprises and self-employed entrepreneurs have not rearmed their industries technologically to produce high-quality products, but live on handmade products. For the Russian market, low-quality consumer goods. Counterfeit products harm the strategic partnership between our two countries (first, the reputation of Chinese manufacturers). As mentioned above, Russia mainly exports raw materials, which is mainly due to the rapid growth of China’s industrial production, resulting in the shortage of natural resources in the country. Historically, there was a shortage of consumer goods and food markets in Russia’s border areas. Therefore, the economic structure of both sides must adapt to the new market demand, which leads to the abnormality of China’s trade deficit. The year 2003 was a turning point. Since then, the surplus of the province has steadily increased year by year, especially due to the prosperity of the Russian construction industry, which led to the growth of the import of construction materials and machinery from China. A certain increase in residents’ income also played a role, leading to an increase in imports of “consumer basket” goods.

During the “Tenth Five Year Plan” period, China’s private sector has been significantly active in foreign economic transactions with Russia: if in 2001. The trade volume between local non-state-owned enterprises and Russia was 10.67 billion US dollars, which had declined by the end of 2005. It reached $291 billion (a 38-fold increase). Total trade [3]

In addition, the above-mentioned decree stipulates that the development and exploitation rights of Russian gold, copper, iron, and coal deposits should be sought. From 2005 to 2007, the annual growth rate of timber harvesting, transportation, and processing was 30%.

The problems related to strengthening the plan of importing Russian technology were discussed in detail, and the task of “actively attracting the scientific research achievements and scientific and technological personnel required by the province, and looking for opportunities to attract the entire Russian scientific research center” was put forward.

The document paid some attention to the issue of increasing the export volume of agricultural products. For this reason, it stipulated, among other things, obtaining the Russian quality certificate, continuously expanding the export region, and using the leasing relationship to produce agricultural products in Russia.

The two sides respectively discussed the “breakthrough” in the field of border transport development and pointed out the task of encouraging relevant Russian and Chinese departments to open the cross-Moscow bridge as soon as possible. Amur, it is said that it is necessary to “rent or purchase” the wharf of the port. Vladivostok

In general, the resolution proposed is a multifaceted and detailed vision of the Russian Federation for the comprehensive utilization of border areas for the economic development of Heilongjiang Province. It can be concluded that this policy of the Chinese authorities aims to (taking into account the depression and actual “disengagement” between the main body of the Russian Far East Federation and the European part of Russia) promote the integration of China’s border areas into the economic raw material interest track of Heilongjiang Province and entire Northeast China. It must be recognized that, in most cases, the People’s Republic of China is still the initiator of the process of regional economic integration. Starting from the task of safeguarding national interests and economic security, China has actively formulated and increasingly implemented strategic plans for cross-border cooperation.

The “Year of Russia in China” was held in 2006 and the “Year of China in Russia” was held in 2007, including hundreds of different political, economic, cultural, and other activities. Leaders of all countries meet four to five times a year. Officially, Russia and China have a “strategic partnership and collaborative relationship”. 2009 is the year of Russia in China and 2010 is the year of Chinese in Russia.

The year 2007 is an important year for China-Russia regional cooperation. According to Chinese experts, Heilongjiang Province actively responded to the unfavorable factors of Russia’s trade policy and adjusted its trade strategy with Russia promptly. “Optimize the commodity structure of import and export supply, support and take measures to improve the competitiveness of trade enterprises with Russia”.

China pointed out that the reasons for Heilongjiang’s relatively low trade volume with Russia were the continuous appreciation of the RMB, the increase of Russian export tariffs on a series of commodities and the crackdown on “gray” imports, the strengthening of customs management by Russia and China, and the increase of energy prices leading to the increase of transport costs.

Since the second half of 2008 At present, the economic and trade relationship between Heilongjiang Province and Russia has entered a new period, which is due to the world financial and economic crisis.

The global financial crisis has had a significant impact on our bilateral economic and trade relations. In Russia, the price of raw materials (especially oil) fell sharply, which was one of the main factors of negative economic growth in Russia in December 2008. (For the first time since March 1999) In addition, the Russian ruble depreciated significantly, reducing the purchasing power of residents. This is the first time in 20 years that Russia has taken decisive measures to restrict counterfeit products imported into Russia through the “gray tariff plan”.

Recognizing the ambiguity and complexity of the situation, China has made efforts to strengthen border trade. On October 18, 2008, The State Council issued national document No. 92 Measures to Promote Economic and Trade Development in Border Areas [4]

It can be seen that in 2003, the double trade volume was 15.776 billion US dollars, with a growth rate of 71.4%. In May 2003, the two countries signed the China-Russia Joint Statement and reached an agreement on how to strengthen and develop China-Russia’s good-neighborly friendship, partnership, and strategic coordination.

It can be seen from Table 1 that Russia-China trade volume exceeded 20 billion US dollars for the first time in 2004. In 2004, the trade volume was 21.23 billion US dollars, an increase of nearly 50.9%. In October 2004, the two countries signed an action plan for the implementation of the Sino-Russian Treaty of Good Neighbourliness, Friendship, and Cooperation, which stipulates that the Russian Year will be held in China in 2006 and the Chinese Year in Russia in 2007. The two sides also signed a “supplementary agreement on the border between eastern Russia and China”.

In 2005, China-Russia trade maintained a good momentum of development, with a trading volume of 29.1 billion US dollars. China is Russia’s second-largest trading partner after Germany. The Far East Economic Review of the Ministry of Economic and Trade Cooperation of China and Russia released this statistical data. In the first half of 2006, it was 4.86 billion US dollars, accounting for 26.8% of the total trade between China and Russia in 2005–2006. During this period, the total border trade between China and Russia increased by 1.33 billion US dollars. [5]

In 2006, the trade volume was 33.38 billion US dollars, up 14.7%. In March 2006, the leaders of the two countries signed a memorandum on the Russian energy supply to ensure the two countries foreign policy of independence from the United States and Western European countries.

As can be seen from Table 1, the trade volume in 2007 was 481.6 billion US dollars. The growth rate was 79.9%.

As can be seen from Table 1, the trade volume in 2008 was 56.83 billion US dollars. The volume of trade grew for six consecutive years, up 15.9%. This year, the foreign ministers of the two countries signed the “Additional Protocol – Describing the Boundary Line of Central and Eastern Russia”.

It can be seen from Table 1 that under the influence of the global financial crisis, the trade volume between Russia and China dropped sharply in 2009, showing negative growth for the first time. In 2009, the trade volume was 38.79 billion US dollars. As the international financial crisis broke out in 2008, the trade volume between China and Russia dropped sharply in 2009. Therefore, the trade volume did not increase, with a growth rate of – 47.1% (negative).

As can be seen from Table 1, the bilateral trade volume increased by 69% in 2010, reaching 55.45 billion US dollars. Therefore, compared with 2009, the pre-crisis level in 2008 has improved. In 2009, China ranked third among Russia’s foreign trade partners.

Since 2010, China has ranked first in the list of Russian foreign trade partners, surpassing the Netherlands and Germany. In the first half of 2011, Russia-China financial relations made significant progress, including the first visit of the Russian President to Hong Kong and the official visit of Hu Jintao to Moscow. The two sides signed an agreement on the use of their currencies in bilateral trade.

Therefore, China-Russia trade has played an important role in economic cooperation, becoming an important source of strength for the development of bilateral economic prosperity and development, and gradually achieving stability in border areas. This will play an important role in improving the lives of the Russian and Chinese people.

In 2011, China-Russia trade relations were very successful. The volume of foreign trade set a new record, reaching US $79.24 billion.

As can be seen from Table 1, this figure exceeded 238 billion dollars in 2011, an increase of 79.24 billion dollars over 2010.

In April 2011, D. A. Medvedev met for the first time with Donald Zan, Chief Executive of the Chinese Special Administrative Region, in Hong Kong. The main topic of the meeting was to discuss opportunities for Hong Kong investors in East Siberia and the Russian Far East. In June this year, Chinese President Hu Jintao paid an official visit to Russia. In addition to political and serious economic issues, the investment cooperation between the Export-Import Bank of China and EN+Group (Russia) was also discussed. [6]

In March 2011, DST Global, a Russian investment group focusing on Internet projects, developed 360buy.com, a Chinese online retail platform, together with international investors (including Wal Mart, an American retailer). However, the exact amount of Russian investment has not yet been announced.

In June 2011, the Central Bank of Russia and the People’s Bank of China signed an agreement on the use of local currency in foreign trade contracts. According to the agreement, Russian and Chinese enterprises will be able to use the ruble and RMB as currencies at the same time. The choice of a currency depends entirely on the preferences of the participants.

In 2012, the bilateral trade volume reached a record US $88.15 billion.

On January 31, 2012, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation held a meeting of the Russia-China Business Council to discuss the results of the foreign trade relations between the two countries in the past year within the framework of the 2009–2018 cooperation plan, and implemented 27 large investment projects in 19 regions of Russia, with a total value of more than 100 billion US dollars. [7].

In June 2012, Fuyao Glass, a Chinese auto glass manufacturer, signed an agreement with the California government to establish a factory to produce 3 million sets of auto glass every year. According to the agreement, Fuyao Glass will invest 200 million dollars. [8].

In June 2012, at the International Economic Forum held in St. Petersburg, Russian power producer Eurosibenergo and China Yangtze Power, China’s largest hydropower company, signed an agreement to build three power plants in East Siberia, including Lena Thermal Power Plant (1200 MW) in Irkutsk region. Lower Angara Hydropower Station (600–1200 MW) in the Krasnoyarsk region and Trans Siberian Hydropower Station (9400–900 MW) across Baikal Lake. To realize these three projects, a joint venture is planned to be established [8].

In 2013, China-Russia relations entered a new stage of development. The two heads of state have met repeatedly and signed a series of important joint statements and cooperation agreements. The two sides have carried out good cooperation on a series of international hotspot issues within the framework of regional and international organizations such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the United Nations. The above facts show the high level and importance of bilateral relations. Today, the two sides are developing relations and are committed to building a multipolar world. The bilateral relations have gone through the best period in history.

So far, the contact between the heads of state of Russia and China has become tense. These include official visits, bilateral contacts within the framework of the SCO and APEC summits, etc. In bilateral contacts, the hotline between Russian and Chinese leaders is being actively used.

All these have played an important and constructive role in maintaining regional security and stability and actively promoted the development of mutually beneficial economic and trade cooperation between Russia and China.

Looking at the history of Sino-Russian trade, we can see the following characteristics of Sino-Russian trade:

1. China and Russia have adapted to the socio-economic needs of citizens living in these two countries;

2. The development of Sino-Russian trade directly depends on bilateral relations and harmony, and determines the rise and fall of Sino-Russian trade;

3. The trade policies, trade volume, and government support of the two governments are crucial to strengthening trade stability and development.

Today, Russia’s politics are stable. Since President Vladimir Putin took office, the combination of political stability and strong central power has promoted the rapid recovery of the Russian economy and sustained and stable economic growth. Russia’s foreign exchange reserves have increased. The stable development of Russia’s economy has laid the foundation for accelerating trade development.

As a developing country, China is committed to developing economic relations with other countries and increasing its participation in the world economy. It is now clear that the relationship between China and Russia is on the rise.

At present, with the further development of the China-Russia partnership and strategic cooperation, bilateral economic and trade cooperation has begun to take the form of what the two countries call “strategic partnership and cooperation”.

China and Russia’s economic and trade cooperation has developed rapidly. The two countries have steadily deepened cooperation in energy, high-tech, and financial fields, and steadily increased mutual investment. The border and interregional cooperation between Northeast China and the Russian Far East and East Siberia have become a new growth point of bilateral relations.

The relationship between Russia and China has global, regional, and bilateral dimensions.

Today, it is crucial to understand the importance of the Asia Pacific region and China’s role as a major and largest power in Russia’s global strategy shortly. In February 2012, on the eve of the presidential election, Russian President Vladimir Putin mentioned this again. Putin published an article “Russia and the Changing World” This is the first time in Russian political history that the role of rapid growth in the Asia Pacific region has been given priority to other regions of the world economy. The attitude towards China’s economic recovery is particularly meaningful, emphasizing that the largest and fastest-growing eastern neighbor of the Russian Federation is not a threat, but an exciting “challenge”. Cooperation with the People’s Republic of China has provided great opportunities for Russia’s rise. Putin said: “Russia needs a prosperous and stable China, while China needs a strong and successful Russia.

This programmatic article and the strategic goal of establishing a supranational union in the form of the Eurasian Union put forward earlier clearly indicate the direction of Russia soon. Putin has summarized in many years of discussions the direction in which Russia should move: whether it should unilaterally turn to the Euro-Atlantic direction, or whether it should be aware of its geopolitical and geographical position and consolidate its natural status as a Eurasia-Pacific power. Today, we have chosen to consciously understand the Eurasian nature of modern Russia and recognize its unique status as a Eurasia Pacific country.

Under such circumstances, it is clear that the factors of Russia-China relations are becoming one of the basic factors for Russia to implement its strategy in the Asia Pacific region, and at the same time, it is strengthening economic, military, political, and other cooperation with East Asian countries, including Vietnam, Mongolia, countries on the Korean Peninsula, Japan, etc. It has significant advantages in safeguarding the national interests of the Russian Federation in the Asia Pacific direction.

“In the context of the world financial turmoil, in Europe, our cooperation in the economic field is an important factor for international economic stability,” Russian Head of State V.V. emphasized in the summer of 2012. Putin also pointed out that Russia-China relations are not only important in the economic field. They are a very powerful factor for stability in the field of international affairs and security”.

Today, Russia-China relations are defined by both sides as “comprehensive, equal Russian President Putin and Chinese President Hu Jintao signed the Sino-Russian Joint Statement on Further Deepening China Russia Comprehensive, Equal and Trust Partnership and Strategic Cooperation in Beijing on June 5, 2012.

China-Russia strategic partnership has gradually transformed from the Political Declaration into concrete political practice, including major international joint initiatives in regulating and coordinating international relations, forming multipolarity, and upholding the principles of international law and the United Nations Charter. Oppose hegemonism and authoritarian policies.

In this regard, it must be pointed out that personal contacts play a huge role in the development of bilateral national relations. He had fruitful personal contacts with all three. B.B. Putin is the most popular foreign leader in China.

At the initiative of the leaders of Russia and China, a series of new dialogue institutions and organizations have emerged. These institutions and organizations can promote and defend the major security, territorial integrity, and sovereign interests of our countries through political means without resorting to military confrontation, except, of course, in the case of direct military threats. The establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the formation of the Russia-India-China (RIC) dialogue structure, and the subsequent formation of the BRICS (Brazil Russia India China South Africa) dialogue structure are examples of such joint implementation initiatives. Through the efforts of V.V. As President and Prime Minister Putin, cooperation with China has shifted from parallel action to large-scale joint action, which not only develops each other’s economies but also simplifies the world’s financial and economic structure.

The cooperation between Russia and China in solving international problems through political dialogue has prevented the serious deterioration of the situation on the Korean Peninsula and promoted the trend of integration in the Asia Pacific region. Russia and China actively cooperate to solve the complex problems in the Middle East and other global issues within the framework of the United Nations.

The deepening of strategic collaboration and partnership on the international stage has led Russia and China to step up the formulation of coordinated plans and actions to ensure mutual security and international stability. The positions of the two countries on the issue of territorial integrity, as well as on the resolution of the nuclear issues in Syria, Iran, and the Korean Peninsula, clearly prove this. The two sides put forward the initiative of establishing an open, transparent, equal security and cooperation framework in the Asia Pacific region, and supported the implementation of the joint initiative of China and Russia to strengthen security cooperation in the Asia Pacific region proposed by the two heads of state in September 2010.

A multi-level consultation and drafting system, including regular meetings between heads of state, heads of government, and ministers, has been established and is functioning effectively. More than 20 intergovernmental specialized committees and subcommittees have worked in sectors and areas of cooperation, formulated practical recommendations, and held meetings of heads of State and Government.

It is worth mentioning that the diplomatic departments of the two countries have had fruitful contacts. The Foreign Ministries of Russia and China hold regular and multi-year consultations on strategic security and stability, cooperation in the United Nations, combating international terrorism, and other hot issues in contemporary international life.

China and Russia support Afghanistan to become a peaceful, stable, independent, developing country free from terrorism and drug crimes. The two countries support the granting of observer status to the SCO in Afghanistan.

China and Russia have carried out cooperation in the Asia Pacific region in deepening regional integration and multilateral cooperation, and believe that this process is conducive to strengthening the centrality and democratization of international relations and maintaining peace and stability in the Asia Pacific region.

Our countries support the development of partnerships between different regional organizations, forums, and dialogue institutions, such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum, the East Asia Summit, the ASEAN Regional Forum, and the ASEAN Conference of Defense Ministers. Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia, Asia Cooperation Dialogue. The two sides reiterated their willingness to closely coordinate their efforts in these and other multilateral forums.

So far, the contact between the heads of state of Russia and China has become tense. These include official visits, bilateral contacts within the framework of the SCO and APEC summits, etc. In bilateral contacts, the hotline between Russian and Chinese leaders is being actively used.

In 2013, the “fossil fuel” commodity group accounted for more than half of Russia’s exports. The second place in Russia’s exports to China is “timber and its products”, and the third place in Russia’s total exports to China is “ores, slag, and ashes”. The fourth place in Russia’s total exports to China is “non-ferrous metals”. The fifth-largest product exported by Russia to China is “chemical products”. In sixth place is “fish, shellfish”. The seventh export of Russia to China is “fertilizer”. Russia’s total exports to China rank eighth as “gems”, ninth as “pulp and cellulose”, and tenth as “machinery and equipment”. Data is taken from 2013.

The main products exported by Russia to China are fuel and energy products (oil and petroleum products, coal); Wood raw materials, wood and cellulose, metallurgical raw materials and semi-finished products (ore and iron concentrate), frozen fish, mineral fertilizers, aviation equipment and its parts, unprocessed nickel, synthetic rubber, nuclear power plant equipment, lactate, ethylene polymer.

In 2013, China’s export structure to Russia is dominated by “machinery and equipment” products, and its export structure to China ranks second.

In China’s total exports to Russia, textiles and clothing accounted for the third place. “Footwear” ranks fourth in China’s total exports to Russia. China’s fifth largest export to Russia is “knitted clothing”. “Fur” ranked sixth. The seventh place in China’s exports to Russia is “ferrous metal products”. “Textile trade products” ranked eighth in China’s total exports to Russia. Chinese furniture and mattresses ranked ninth. “Leather products” rank tenth in the list of major commodities exported from China to Russia. The third largest export of China to Russia is textiles and clothing. “Footwear” ranks fourth in China’s total exports to Russia. China’s fifth largest export to Russia is “knitted clothing”. “Fur” ranked sixth. The seventh place in China’s exports to Russia is “ferrous metal products”. “Textile trade products” ranked eighth in China’s total exports to Russia. Chinese furniture and mattresses ranked ninth. “Leather products” rank tenth in the list of major commodities exported from China to Russia.

In the export structure of Russia to China, the following main commodities account for more than 65% of the total imports: light industrial products (knitted textiles and leather products, footwear and its parts), and consumer electronic products (computer equipment, telephone equipment, television, etc.). Electronic equipment parts, general machinery manufacturing products (construction equipment, auto parts, pump, and compressor equipment), electrical appliances (washing machines, refrigeration equipment, air conditioners, etc.), and electrical equipment, Metallurgical products (metal structures, pipes, flat steel, non-alloy steel metal products, etc.); Furniture and its parts; Games and sports equipment; Grocery (fruit and vegetable products, fish and seafood).

In recent years, China’s influence in the Russian market has been growing. At present, there are many reasons for Russia and China to actively strengthen economic and trade relations. These reasons include the desire to diversify the direction of cooperation and the source of raw material imports. In addition, we must strive to expand each other’s position in foreign markets. As for the interests of Russia, one motive for the growing interest in China is that China is Russia’s main foreign partner in achieving the strategic goal of economic recovery in Siberia and the Far East. In this regard, regional factors are crucial. The gradual integration of Eastern Siberia and the Far East into the world economic linkage system is the basic condition for the normal social and economic development of these regions and Russia as a whole.

In this case, China is the best partner of Russia’s economic complementarity: Russia’s heavy industry, knowledge-intensive industry and mining industry, light industry, agriculture, and China’s labor surplus.

Many important aspects of the political and economic interaction between Russia and China on the international stage are, to a large extent, directly or indirectly introduced by the status of the two countries in the world economy and world economic relations, as well as the depth and nature of their participation in the process of globalization and regionalization of the world. Fully understanding the basic quantitative and qualitative parameters of the world economic background of the economic development of Russia and China is crucial to understanding the existing and potential areas of convergence and conflict between the interests of the two countries. Use China’s famous saying to “increase or decrease” pragmatic bilateral cooperation and collaboration in multilateral international economic combinations and groups

Russia-China relations are characterized by stable development momentum, a solid legal foundation, the extensive structure of bilateral cooperation organizations, and active contacts at all levels. The Treaty of Good neighborliness, Friendship, and Cooperation between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation signed in Moscow on July 16, 2001, reflects the basic principles of China-Russia relations, the main directions, and fields of bilateral cooperation. There are intergovernmental and inter-agency agreements in almost all areas of cooperation. The heads of state of Russia and China meet regularly, at least three times a year (official visits, bilateral contacts within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and the APEC Summit). From the Chinese perspective, Xia Yishan, the chief researcher of the China Institute of International Studies, can be quoted as saying: “At present, China-Russia relations are a new type of state relations. This is no longer the alliance we saw in the 1950s, nor the confrontation between the 1960s and 1970s. This is not an alliance, nor a confrontation, nor is it aimed at a third country. This is a normal good neighborly relation between countries. Only such cooperation can have long-term prospects”.

During the International Economic Forum, representatives of Russia and China specifically discussed the price of natural gas supply. It plans to supply from Western Siberia to the Russian Chinese border through the Altay pipeline. By 2015, it is planned to transfer US $30 billion annually. In that regard, my delegation believes that this is a good example. However, no agreement has been reached on the price. China is willing to pay US $235 for 1000 cubic meters. When Gazprom delivers natural gas to Europe at an average price of 352 US dollars per 1000 cubic meters, the price of natural gas delivered to Europe by Gazprom is 352 US dollars per 1000 cubic meters. Meters. Although Gazprom initially planned to supply US $38 billion to China only through the eastern route, Gazprom’s export volume is still declining. cube The supply of this route has not been discussed, so only West Road is left [9].

In 2010, China-Russia trade successfully overcame the international financial crisis and achieved rapid recovery, with a trading volume of 55.44 billion US dollars, close to the pre-crisis level. According to the performance of 2009 and the first two months of 2010, China is still the country with the largest cooperation with Russia.

In 2011, the foreign trade volume between Russia and China reached 79.24 billion US dollars, an increase of 40% over the previous year. During the same period, Russia’s exports to China reached 18.6 billion US dollars, an increase of 33.7% over a year ago, while its imports from China reached 17.2 billion US dollars, an increase of 45.7% over the first half of 2010. [10]

2012 Economic and trade cooperation is an important foundation of the China-Russia strategic partnership and supports the development prospects of China-Russia relations. Taking into account their respective economic development strategies and giving full play to the country’s potential and advantages, China and Russia should constantly strengthen commercial cooperation in various fields to promote common development and bring happiness to the people. Putin also said that the comprehensive development of trade relations is very important, and the overall situation of Russia-China relations depends to a large extent on the level and quality of such relations.

Since 2000, Russia’s domestic political situation has been stable, its economy has recovered and its growth has been on track. After 20 years of reform and opening up, China’s economy has continued to grow rapidly. The Treaty of Good Neighbourliness, Friendship, and Cooperation signed in 2001 has laid a solid political foundation for the development of bilateral economic and trade relations. In fact, since 1997, the Chinese and Russian governments have signed a series of economic and trade cooperation agreements and outlines, such as the “1997–2000 Trade Agreement” (1997), “2001–2005 Trade Agreement” (2000), and “Memorandum on the Outline of Sino Russian Economic and Trade Cooperation before 2010” (2005). The Sino-Russian Investment Cooperation Plan (2009) also has other specific areas involving cooperation agreements and cooperation zone planning such as taxation, port cooperation, agricultural economic and technological cooperation, and energy development. China Russia’s economic and trade cooperation has entered a new era.

In 2000, the bilateral trade volume between China and Russia reached US $8 billion, US $29.1 billion in 2005, and US $88.16 billion in 2012. In addition, the trade volume affected by the financial crisis in 2009 decreased compared with the previous year, and the annual average growth rate for the rest of the year reached double digits. Over the years, the growth rate has remained between 30% and 40%, with an increase of 44.3% over the previous year in 2007. Since 2010, China has become Russia’s largest trading partner for the third consecutive year.

Despite the rapid growth of Sino-Russian trade in the 21st century, it is still too little. In 2012, the trade volume between China and the EU reached US $54.6 billion, a peak of US $88.16 billion.

Both China and Russia are relatively weak in the global financial system. Although some major Chinese companies are directly or indirectly listed on the Stock Exchange, the overall integration of China’s securities market and the global securities market is still in its infancy. The interaction between the Russian stock market and the world capital market is carried out through the stocks and bonds of a few large companies in the fuel energy and steel industries. This situation is mainly determined by the insufficient capacity of domestic enterprises in China and Russia. In the list of the world’s top 500 companies, Russia has only the Russian Natural Gas Industry Corporation, while China has several state-owned commercial banks and two oil companies.

In the past decade, Russia-China relations have developed steadily on the whole, reaching the level of equal trust partnership and strategic cooperation. China-Russia bilateral relations are based on mutual respect for the choice of social development path, non-interference in internal affairs, respect for each other’s unity and territorial integrity, and the development of comprehensive cooperation.

In terms of economic and trade cooperation, the great potential of China and Russia is recognized. To achieve this goal, a strong organizational structure has been established in the form of a regular meeting mechanism between heads of government of Russia and China, and dozens of agreements at different levels have been signed. Major projects are underway in the fields of oil and gas, transportation, energy, civil aviation, etc.

Economic and trade cooperation is the material basis of good neighborly and friendly relations between China and Russia, an important part of China Russia strategic partnership of coordination, and an important factor to ensure the long-term existence of good relations between the two countries.

Therefore, there are some political and economic progress and challenges. However, as the long-term strategic interests of all countries are consistent, these problems are most likely to be solved. The peaceful development and rejuvenation of the two countries require coordination and long-term cooperation based on common development strategies. Of course, to maintain the momentum of continuous progress, the leaders of Russia and China need to have the political will, work tirelessly, make concessions to each other, take into account the interests of the other and resist the direct and indirect attempts of internal and external forces to use the real and imaginary difficulties and natural contradictions between our two countries. However, such work will only bring positive results, because it is in line with the fundamental interests of Russia and China’s domestic development and the consolidation of their international status. The two major countries have demonstrated extensive cooperation and multifaceted cooperation in the peaceful, bilateral, and multilateral relationship model, which is an important factor in strengthening international peace and security.

Economic and trade cooperation between neighboring countries is also an important part of bilateral economic and trade cooperation. The eighth regular meeting of the Chinese and Russian Prime Ministers further clarified and emphasized the importance of strengthening regional cooperation between the two countries.

Heilongjiang Province has more than 3000 kilometers of border with Russia, which has the rich natural potential to develop regional cooperation with the Russian Far East and Siberia. Heilongjiang Province has become one of the important windows, platforms, and channels for economic and trade cooperation between China and Russia. At present, 25 national first-level checkpoints have been built in the province, and the construction of the Heilongjiang Bridge in the Heilongjiang and Luogu River regions is under preparation.

The Chinese and Russian banks have decided to start a local currency settlement business between Heihe (Heilongjiang Province) and Blagoveshinsky (Russia), which has created favorable conditions for the further development of economic and trade cooperation. In the first quarter of 2013, the trade volume increased by 60% over the same period last year.

At present, China has comprehensively implemented the strategy of revitalizing the old industrial base in the northeast, creating a particularly favorable opportunity for the industrial, agricultural, tertiary industry, and social development of Heilongjiang Province, thus opening up a new and broader space for economic and trade development. The scientific and technological cooperation between Heilongjiang Province and Russia, especially the Far East and Siberia.

Russia-China relations develop not only through bilateral contacts but also in a multilateral way, especially within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the BRICS countries. The shift of Russia’s foreign relations to the Asia Pacific region and the clear goal of reaching US $100 billion in bilateral trade has provided new impetus for its development.

In August 2012 Russia has officially become a member of the WTO. China-Russia relations are entering the best stage in history. At present, there are major strategic opportunities for comprehensively strengthening China-Russia economic cooperation. We should seize the opportunity, plan scientifically, innovate ideas, and vigorously promote the deeper and faster development of China-Russia economic and trade cooperation.

March 2013 The two heads of state signed the Sino-Russian Joint Statement on Common Prosperity, Mutual Benefit and Deepening the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (hereinafter referred to as the Joint Statement), which has promoted the comprehensive strategic partnership established by the two countries as a model of equality and trust to a new stage. Mutual support and common prosperity.

In the structure of Russia’s metal exports to China, the proportion of low-value-added metal products (scrap metal, semi-finished products, cast iron) rose significantly, from 54.10% in 2012 to 89.25%. The share of high-value-added products (hot rolled, cold rolled, electrical steel, alloy) decreased from 42.86% in 2012 to 10.75%.

The structure of China Russia trade volume has remained unchanged. The basis of Russia’s import is oil, with its export share of about 70%, while the share of crude oil is about 50%. The total export index of various mechanical products is less than 1% of the export, which is certainly disappointing.

Imports from China are mainly machinery and equipment – more than 40%, and the share of these products in imports is growing. In the first half of the year, many goods imported from China – automobiles, clothing, footwear, metal products, and some food products – increased.

In the explanations of various experts (usually Chinese experts), the trade relationship between Russia and China is described as “complementary”. The term “mutual benefit” is used much less frequently. Russia-China relations are more friendly than ever before, and the turnover may reach 100 billion US dollars by 2015. Russian and Chinese officials often point out this goal.

Hold expositions, forums, and other activities to strengthen the export of Russian technical products. The Russian representative of the organization called for the establishment of production facilities in Russia, and the Chinese partner called for more information on Russian products and the formulation of policies to encourage the export of technological products.

Over the past 20 years, China and Russia’s economic and trade cooperation has witnessed rapid development, with bilateral trade volume increasing by more than 11 times.

A stable and developing China is beneficial to Russia. Russia can cooperate with China on many issues, especially in the economic field.

The slogan “China Dream” entered Chinese social life in November 2012. Shortly after the change of leaders at the 18th Congress of the CPC.

The “Chinese Dream” has three goals. One is to build China into a rich and strong country, the other is to vigorously develop the Chinese nation, and the other is to create a happy life for the people. To make the “China Dream” a reality, the leader called for three conditions to be remembered. First of all, China must follow its own “China road”, which was found through a long and difficult exploration. Second, realizing the “dream” requires “carrying forward the Chinese spirit”, based on patriotism, reform, and innovation. Third, we must “pool China’s strength”.

China emphasizes the importance of collective values, but this is not to repudiate the Soviet model of private enterprises, nor to establish a Western European “social state”. Its basis is the large-scale confiscation of profits and income for redistribution. If at the beginning of the reform, China has not created entrepreneurial space for those who are willing to respond to business potential and become rich first, then China cannot become a world leader.

The Chinese Dream is a national dream and the dream of every Chinese. The “Chinese Dream” is different from the “American Dream”, but it is a kind of pressure to talk about the incompatibility between the two – China also has room for personal success and personal wealth dreams.

Like China, the “Russian Dream” has a distinctive nationalist and collectivist color, and can also be called the “Dream of Rejuvenation” after the turbulence and severe economic recession at the end of the 20th century. Different from the West, which has strength and wealth, this is a promising goal for Russia and China, which will take time and great effort to achieve. However, as in China, Russia’s attempt to “revive the ancient world” in the form of an empire or Soviet system is doomed to failure. Our two countries share many common challenges and similar goals. We can dream of a better future and work together to make it a reality.

China and Russia are partners in comprehensive strategic cooperation, which is not an empty slogan. This relationship is based on the national interests of the two countries and has been developing at a high level, reflecting mutual respect and friendship between the two heads of state. This proves that China Russia friendship can stand the test of the times.

The regular meeting mechanism between the heads of government of China and Russia is gradually becoming an important platform for managing and coordinating the practical cooperation between the two countries in various aspects and has achieved fruitful results.

In recent years, Russia and China’s economic and trade relations have flourished. To be sure, trade and economic components have become an important part of the entire bilateral cooperation complex. Many important aspects of the political and economic interaction between Russia and China on the international stage are, to a large extent, directly or indirectly contributed by the status of the two countries on the international stage.

In recent years, Russia and China’s economic and trade relations have flourished. To be sure, trade and economic components have become an important part of the entire bilateral cooperation complex. Many important aspects of the political and economic interaction between Russia and China on the international stage are, to a large extent, directly or indirectly introduced by the status of the two countries in the world economy and world economic relations, as well as the depth and nature of their participation in the process of globalization and regionalization of the world. Fully understanding the basic quantitative and qualitative parameters of the world economic background of the economic development of Russia and China is essential for understanding the existing and using China’s famous statements to discover potential areas of overlap and conflict between the interests of the two countries. To carry out pragmatic bilateral cooperation and collaboration in multilateral international economic clusters and groups, to “increase and reduce disadvantages”.

Russia has the largest territorial area in the world. The development of China-Russia economic and trade relations has achieved good results, and this relationship will continue to develop in the future, but some problems deserve attention:

(1). Quality of Chinese Goods

For a long time, cheap Chinese goods have occupied a large share of the Russian market. Russian light industrial products made in China occupy a large share of the Russian market, which are not only counterfeit products of China but also legal. Nearly 80% of Russian clothing and footwear brands fell off in China. Due to the lack of necessary production infrastructure in Russia, domestic steel producers have developed contract production in China. To carry out business in such highly competitive markets as footwear and clothing, Russian companies either create their production or outsource orders, focusing only on brand, design, and sales. Only a few companies began to develop their production, mainly factories in the former Soviet Union: “May Day Dawn”, “Bolshevik”, “Smolensk Socks Factory”, etc. Only a few of the new companies dare to build factories from scratch (e.g. Gloria Jeans and Vassa), although this requires a lot of investment. Most Russian brand companies began to take the second path: outsourcing production to other countries, first of all, China. At that time, a strong clothing and footwear industry began to develop due to orders from world-leading companies (Mexx, NUF NUF, Mango, Reebok, Adidas, etc.).

Manufacturers often take various measures to reduce commodity prices, even at the cost of product quality, which makes China’s exports to Russia have a bad reputation and meet the needs of a large number of low-income people at low prices. With the recovery of the Russian economy and the substantial increase in the income level of Russian residents, Russia’s per capita GDP now exceeds 10000. As commodity prices rise, China has to raise commodity prices. Chinese enterprises should change their thinking, absorb the successful experience of world-famous brands in product quality assurance, strengthen product research and development, production and transfer, and strive for the quality of Chinese brands. Chinese goods hope to occupy a larger share of the Russian market, so the Chinese should increase publicity efforts, improve the quality of Chinese goods, and establish a new reputation for Chinese goods.

(2) Small mutual investment scale

End of 2012 The total foreign investment in Russia is 362.4 billion US dollars. Among them, the Netherlands ranked first with US $61.49 billion. 17%, other countries: Luxembourg, 42.774 billion US dollars. 11.8%; US $2792.2 billion in China 7.7%； UK $2667.7 billion 7.4%； Germany $2491.3 billion 6.9%； Ireland $143.1 billion 3.9%； Japan: US $1077.7 billion, accounting for 3.0%; France: US $9.82 billion, accounting for 2.7%. In 2012, China invested $740 million in Russia and Japan invested $1135 million.

End of 2012 The total investment in Russia is 11779.7 billion US dollars. Among them, Russia invested USD 30.48 billion in the Netherlands. (25.9%) was higher than that of other countries such as Cyprus, amounting to US $29.553 billion. (25.1%), US $7.76 billion. (6,6%). China is not Russia’s main investment partner, and its share is less than 1.2%. [14] Russian investment in China has been stagnant for more than a decade, reaching US $20 million in 2000. $30 million in 2011 and 2012. In 2004, China’s investment in Russia was 80 million US dollars. Table 1 It rose to 720 in 2011.

Investment cooperation has also become one of the most important directions in the economic and trade relations between Russia and China. Establishing joint ventures is a favorable way for Russia and China to cooperate.

With the development of China’s economy, many Chinese want to invest in Russia, but the cooperation between China and Russia is not enough. China’s main forms of direct investment in Russia include joint ventures and other forms of branches and representative offices. Although the Russian government encourages foreign direct investment, Chinese enterprises can only set up branches, such as joint ventures or representative offices, if they want to enter Russian strategic resource fields such as oil, natural gas, coal, electricity, water, steel, mineral resource development, automobile construction, etc. And make cross-border purchases for investment. Most of them only have the voting rights of shareholders. The share rights of foreign-funded enterprises are less than 50%, and they have no management rights.

The main task of international investment cooperation is to create a favorable investment environment, create attractive conditions for foreign investors, and increase investment in the Russian economy. A series of important legislation has been adopted to encourage the attraction of such funds: foreign investment, free economic zones, concession contracts signed with Russian and foreign investors, product sharing, etc.

(3) Inadequate understanding of the Russian investment environment

In China, there are not many Russian speakers, so there are few students in the school. According to statistics, in 2008. Heilongjiang Province has 13000 foreign language teachers, of which only 500 are Russian teachers. From 2004 to 2006, in Suifenhe District, Heilongjiang Province, only 10% of primary school graduates learned Russian. It can be expected that few Chinese college graduates can speak Russian, and few of them work in the field of economy and trade. It can be said that most companies cannot understand Russia.

The investment cooperation between Russia and China is also insignificant. From 1992 to 2007, China’s investment in Russia was about 300 million US dollars. These funds are mainly used for the development of border trade infrastructure (retail, catering, hotel, etc.), as well as the establishment of small logging and primary processing joint ventures. Almost all of the above enterprises are located along the Russian Chinese border.

Russia’s investment in China from 1992 to 2007 was only about 700 million US dollars. In addition, most of these investments are aimed at fulfilling the old contractual obligations (since the Soviet era): providing 16 generating units for thermal power plants, developing a series of uranium mines, and building a nuclear power plant in Jiangsu Province (eastern central China).

August 2012 Russia’s formal accession to the WTO means that it exerts an open influence on all goods, services, and intellectual property trade legislation. Before the adoption of these laws, they must be published at least 30 days in advance for discussion by the participants. All laws affecting trade in goods, trade in services, and intellectual property rights will come into force only after they are published – but few people in China study Russian laws. Therefore, it is still difficult to translate relevant laws and regulations of Chinese enterprises in a timely and accurate manner.

At present, the number of Chinese and Russian enterprises conducting economic and trade cooperation is very small, and the production capacity is not high. By the end of 2010, the number of Chinese enterprises registered and approved by the Ministry of Commerce in Russia had reached 772, most of which were small and medium-sized enterprises. By the end of 2010, there were 13 enterprises with import and export volumes of more than 100 million dollars and 118 enterprises with import and export volumes of more than 10 million dollars in Heilongjiang Province. Heilongjiang Province has 856 investment projects approved by countries in Russia, with a total investment of 2.935 billion US dollars. Due to the financial difficulties in economic cooperation with Russia, the enterprise did not receive the necessary financial support, which seriously affected the development of cooperation with Russia. Many enterprises located in economically developed provinces in southern China, due to their lack of understanding of Russia, have chosen to explore the European and American markets after fully considering capital growth and investment risks.

(4) The trade structure is not optimized and mainly consists of raw materials and consumer goods with low technology content.

For a long time, China has mainly exported textiles, clothing, footwear, household appliances, and other consumer goods to Russia. Russian exports to China: raw materials and other primary products. In 2011, Heilongjiang Province exported 2685 different kinds of products to Russia. Textile and clothing accounted for 47.47%; Agricultural and sideline products: 28.63%; 15.04% for electromechanical products; High tech products accounted for 1.23%. 2011 Heilongjiang Province imported 232 different kinds of goods from Russia, among which the top ten are crude oil, iron ore, logs, sawn timber, petroleum products, fertilizer, water gun, synthetic rubber, plastics, and paper products. [15]

The two sides recognized the importance of optimizing the structure of import and export commodities and raised the improvement of the commodity trade structure of the two countries to the level of sustainable development of economic and trade cooperation. Strengthening cooperation in high-tech fields has not only changed and improved the content and structure of cooperation but also improved the quality of bilateral cooperation. The two countries actively promote the joint docking of national and regional development strategies. They transformed the form of commodity import and export cooperation into joint R&D and production and expanded our cooperation from energy resources to investment, infrastructure construction, high-tech, finance, and other fields.

Especially in the eastern region of Russia, the development of foreign trade with China has geographical advantages.

Russia-China relations have developed steadily. They are based on a pragmatic attitude and understanding of the situation of both sides.

Another major event in the new decade of the 21st century is the Year of Russian Tourism in China in 2012 and the Year of Chinese Tourism in Russia in 2013. Celebrating the Year of Tourism is an economic complement to cultural cooperation. These activities provide another opportunity to gain unique experiences within the framework of inter-State cooperation, as they contribute to the development of economic relations.

Russia’s Year of Tourism in China was officially launched on March 23, 2012. The event carried out more than 200 activities aimed at promoting cooperation in the tourism field and understanding Russia’s tourism potential for Chinese citizens.

The dynamic nature of Russia-China tourism cooperation is reflected in the increase in mutual visits between citizens of the two countries. According to official statistics, more than 845000 Chinese citizens visited Russia in 2011, including 235000 for tourism purposes, nearly 1.5 times the previous year. [22] At the same time, the number of visa-free tourism exchanges has increased significantly. China ranks second among the countries that provide tourists to Russia. Moscow and the coastal border region receive the most Chinese tourists. However, Russia still ranks 11th among the countries visited most by Chinese citizens. This shows that tourism has great potential for development.

For Russians, China is one of the most priority overseas tourism destinations – in 2011, China ranked second among the major overseas tourism destinations of Russians; More than 2.4 million people visited China. Our citizens. In 2012, about 3 million This is a huge challenge.

The specific achievements of the Russian and Chinese tourism years have yet to be evaluated, but it is now clear that tourism can become an important complement to economic cooperation between the two countries if properly organized in the field of tourism exchanges.

China and Russia’s economic and trade relations have great complementarity and potential. Good relations with Russia are vital to China, just like in the economic field. These reasons determine my course choice.

China’s export is based on the trade in manufactured goods, of which manufacturing accounts for a large proportion.

China’s exports to major countries and regions from 2005 to 2009 (Unit: 100 million US dollars)

China’s economy is highly dependent on foreign trade, and trade differences, anti-dumping, trade protectionism and RMB appreciation have had a serious impact on China’s export trade. To deal with these negative effects, we must accelerate the process of production structure adjustment, expand the business scale of large export enterprises, and improve the competitiveness of enterprises. At the same time, we must optimize the allocation of resources so that China’s economy can develop safely, circularly, and steadily.

Since 2001, With China’s accession to the World Trade Organization, China’s economy is increasingly dependent on foreign trade. To some extent, this shows that China is increasingly integrated into the world economic development pattern. The internationalization of China’s economy has reached a new level, the scope and depth of China’s participation in the international division of labor system have expanded, and the impact of China’s economy on the world economy has continued to increase. On the one hand, the rapid development of foreign trade can stimulate the development of productive capacity, thus promoting the growth of GDP; On the other hand, the excessive dependence of China’s economy on foreign trade poses a potential threat that cannot be ignored to the stable development of China’s economy. The heavy dependence on foreign trade and foreign partners may lead to China having to pay a price when there are political or economic differences, which will certainly affect the stability of domestic economic development. Since the reform and opening up in 1978, The economy has completed the transition from a closed economy to an open economy. In recent years, China’s trade volume has grown steadily at an annual rate of about 20%. In 2009, the trade volume exceeded 120 billion US dollars, with a particularly significant growth rate. At that time, China’s export volume exceeded that of Germany, becoming the first country with the largest export volume in the world.

Therefore, the state and relevant departments must take measures to accelerate the adjustment of production structure, expand the production scale of large export enterprises, and take measures to build the core competitiveness of enterprises. At the same time, we should optimize the allocation of resources, expand domestic demand, activate the domestic market, and vigorously develop the circular economy. This will enable the sustainable development of the entire circular economy and fundamentally solve various problems faced by China’s export trade.

China has always been one of Russia’s major trading partners. The economic cooperation between Russia and China as trade partners depends not only on the close geographical location of the two countries but also on the good bilateral political relations between the two countries and China’s demand for some Russian goods. On the other hand, it must be pointed out that the rapid development of trade and economic relations between Russia and countries in the Asia Pacific region is very important, including from the perspective of Russia’s accession to the East Asian regional integration process, the long-term participation in this process will strengthen Russia’s position in the world economy.

Today, the People’s Republic of China is rightly regarded as Russia’s first partner in Asia, both in terms of priorities and prospects for further cooperation. Both countries have seen the great potential to strengthen and intensively develop economic and trade relations. The relationship between Russia and China has a long and rich history, and politics and the economy are closely intertwined. The Asian direction has always been one of the key directions of Russia’s foreign policy.

Therefore, there are very favorable factors for the development of Russia-China cooperation on the international stage, which need to be further utilized. The two countries have established a new type of relationship based on good neighborly and friendly cooperation, opposed power politics, and advocated a just solution to international problems. Russia and China are neighbors of Asia, at least in the short term, and part of their medium-term interests have similarities; Therefore, they can be the guarantors of peace in some countries.

Since 2012 The bilateral trade between China and Russia continued to grow rapidly. On August 23, 2012, Russia has 156 member countries joining the WTO. The trade between Heilongjiang Province and Russia accounts for more than 25% of the bilateral trade between Russia and China. Now is a good time for China and Russia to establish trade. [24] In recent years, China-Russia trade has developed rapidly. This is a good opportunity to establish a free trade area in line with the interests of the two countries and the trend of regional economic integration. We are willing to seize the opportunity to build a China-Russia free trade zone.

On November 10, 2011, the WTO Working Group unanimously adopted a package of commitments for Russia’s accession to the WTO at its last meeting in Geneva. Concerning the significance of Russia’s accession to the WTO, we believe that, in addition to having a significant impact on international trade, international investment, and the economic environment, this is likely to bring new opportunities for China and Russia’s future economic and trade cooperation.

Both China and Russia have shifted from a planned economy to a market economy.

Under the same international environment and background, China made remarkable achievements as early as ten years ago. China’s exploration and practice under the WTO framework can provide important experience for Russia’s development after it acceded to the WTO.

Russia is a neighbor of China. The improvement of China’s market system and the vigorous development of its economy have undoubtedly provided new impetus and opportunities for the development of Russia’s border areas. In the past, China-Russia bilateral economic and trade relations have been characterized by great development potential, strong growth, and strong complementarity. The investment of Chinese enterprises in the Russian market is a part of the trade transformation and overseas strategy of Chinese enterprises. In this regard, Russia’s accession to the WTO is of positive significance to the vigorous development of bilateral trade between China and Russia.

For many years, China has been one of Russia’s largest trading partners. However, another undeniable fact is illegal to trade, such as “grey customs clearance”, which hinders bilateral trade and often leads to complex issues such as trade disputes, seriously affecting the economic interests of the two countries.

After joining the WTO, Russia will amend its laws following WTO rules, improve transparency, and strictly abide by international rules and market mechanisms in conducting economic and trade activities. This will positively affect bilateral economic and trade cooperation, especially border trade. Under the promotion of WTO rules, China and Russia will eliminate illegal activities such as “gray customs clearance” in the trade process and enter a new stage of development with legal and orderly bilateral trade activities.

Russia’s accession to the WTO will certainly have a great impact on Russia’s social and economic life and the international trade environment. Russia’s accession may even change the WTO structure dominated by the United States and the European Union, which may bring new changes and new opportunities to multilateral trade negotiations. It can be predicted that the market access and investment environment in Russia will change significantly. This has created new opportunities for China and Russia’s economic and trade cooperation, especially for the development of economic and trade ties between neighboring regions of the two countries.

Adhering to win-win cooperation with Russia is the basic principle of China-Russia cooperation. Russia’s accession to the WTO and further expansion of the market are necessary conditions for the rapid transformation of high-level political interaction between China and Russia into confident practical cooperation. While improving the level of energy cooperation, we should actively promote cooperation in high-tech, transportation infrastructure projects, environmental protection, agriculture, and other fields. We will promote negotiations on a free trade area between China and Russia, and achieve common prosperity and development of the Chinese and Russian economies.

In a word, joining the WTO is good for Russia and China, but also bad. Everything is found in practice.

The volume of trade between China and Russia is growing every year. In the past two decades, trade and investment between China and Russia have been on the rise. In 2012, the trade volume between China and Russia reached 88.15 billion US dollars. Increase by 11.2%. China’s non-financial direct investment in Russia increased by 11.62%. [25] Russia continues to give new significance to the sustainable development of bilateral economic and trade cooperation through cooperation in energy, technology, transportation, and other fields. According to the current development rate, we can predict that the bilateral trade volume between the two countries may reach 200 billion US dollars by 2020.

Russia has a unique geopolitical position, and this proposal can also be used to realize the country’s geographical advantage. The China-Russia border is 4300 kilometers long, with more than 20 cities, open ports, and completed railways, highways, and other facilities, providing a convenient transportation hub for bilateral economic and trade cooperation.

On May 21, 2014, China National Petroleum Corporation and Gazprom signed a contract to purchase Russian natural gas. The negotiation of this agreement lasted for about 10 years. The two sides did not reach an agreement until Vladimir Putin, the Russian President, officially visited China. The contract stipulates that 38 billion cubic meters of natural gas will be supplied to Chinese consumers every year for 30 years. [27] According to Alexey Miller, Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Russian Group, the total price of the agreement will reach 400 billion US dollars.

Russia-China trade volume will increase. In 2013, it increased by 2% to US $89.21 billion. It is expected to increase to US $100 billion by 2015.

On May 20, 2014, the President of Russia signed an agreement on the development of military cooperation in China. Russia and China will form a new Asia Pacific region. Military and technical cooperation between the two countries is an important factor in regional and world security.

Without the outside world, Russia’s development is impossible, just as without China’s participation, the world will not prosper. China and Russia share common mountains and rivers, and the traditional friendship between the two peoples is rooted in the distant past. Over the past decade, the two sides have written a new chapter in the history of friendly and good neighborly relations between the two countries in the light of the new situation, based on maintaining the tradition of friendship and summing up the experience. In particular, the Treaty of Good Neighbourly Friendship and Cooperation between China and Russia signed by President Jiang Zemin and President Putin in 2001 is worth mentioning. This document legally defines the ideal of peace for our countries and people, and its expression is as follows: always be friends and never fight; It has determined the basic principles of China-Russia relations, pointed out the main direction of long-term cooperation and provided an effective legal guarantee for our two countries to be good neighbors, good partners, and good friends forever, and to push the China Russia strategic cooperative partnership to a new stage. More stable and mature.

The President of the National People’s Congress said that over the past decade, with the joint efforts of China and Russia, our cooperation has established a legal basis for treaties and a close consultation mechanism. Since 1992, more than 180 inter-State and intergovernmental documents have been signed, 8 governmental subcommittees, 25 standing subcommittees in the economic, scientific, and technological fields and 5 subcommittees in the public and humanitarian fields have been established. The leaders of China and Russia have established a lasting relationship of trust and cooperation. [27]

In addition, the two sides have settled the border issue left over by history. On regional and international issues, our countries have the same or similar positions, maintained close consultation and collaboration, effectively safeguarded the fundamental interests of our countries, and strengthened their international status.

The new central leadership of China attaches great importance to developing relations with Russia. Last May, Chinese President Hu Jintao successfully paid a state visit to Russia. The two heads of state agreed to deepen good neighborly and friendly relations no matter how the international climate changes. China and Russia’s mutually beneficial cooperation and strategic partnership of coordination have been and will continue to be the strategic priorities of the two countries’ foreign policies.

Economic and trade cooperation is an important basis for good neighborly and friendly relations between China and Russia. It will become an integral part of the China-Russia strategic partnership of coordination and an important factor in ensuring the sustainable development and overall vitality of bilateral relations. Last year’s trade volume was 89.21 billion US dollars.

To strengthen and expand bilateral economic and trade cooperation, the two countries enjoy good conditions for political stability, social harmony, and economic growth; The two countries also have mutual needs in technology, investment, resources, commodities, and other aspects.

Commodity trade is a traditional field of Sino-Russian economic and trade relations. In recent years, it has grown considerably. However, the commodity structure still needs to be improved, because the proportion of labor-intensive low value-added products and primary processed products in the same structure is relatively high, which does not conform to the level of economic, industrial, and technological development of the two countries. The two sides should optimize and improve the structure of commodity trade, increase the technology intensity and added value of goods supplied to each other, improve competitiveness, and increase the share of new high-tech products and machinery manufacturing.

China’s investment in Russia, Russia’s investment in China is not high. By the end of 2003, China’s total investment in Russia was 550 million US dollars and 340 million US dollars respectively. The role of investment in promoting trade is hardly obvious. These funds are invested in only a small number of areas. At present, with the rapid economic development of China and Russia, there are few opportunities for mutual investment in the fields of energy and resource project development, infrastructure and transportation, the transformation of new high-tech achievements, electronic manufacturing technology, and research. To achieve a qualitative leap in bilateral economic and trade cooperation. [28]

At present, the development of cross-border trade shows a positive trend, reaching 3.52 billion US dollars last year, accounting for 2.3% of the total bilateral trade. Such cooperation plays a promoting role in the whole bilateral trade. [29] At the same time, interregional trade and economic ties are also increasingly close. In this regard, it is necessary to create favorable conditions for further stimulating the activities of regions and enterprises, guide and encourage strong and competitive enterprises to invest, and support the development of mutually beneficial technical and economic cooperation, Encourage Chinese enterprises to participate in the development of the Russian Far East and Western Siberia. We welcome Russian enterprises to participate in the revitalization of the old industrial base in the northeast and the development of western China.

Mutual benefit and win-win results are not only the basis for developing international economic and trade cooperation but also the condition for coordinated and sustainable development. This is particularly important given the expanding scope and fields of our economic and trade cooperation. The two sides should follow the principle of mutual trust, mutual benefit, and win-win, respect each other’s interests, create a fair legislative environment, and support each other’s goods, services, and investments to enter the other’s market. The bilateral coordination mechanism should be properly improved to ensure smooth consultation channels, timely solve problems in economic and trade relations and ensure healthy development.

The cooperation between China and Russia cannot be separated from the support for large-scale projects at the national level. In recent years, China and Russia have actively promoted investment cooperation in energy, investment, aviation, science and technology, forestry, transportation, infrastructure construction, natural resource development, finance, and other fields. This has created unprecedented conditions for expanding investment in Russia. March 2013 Cooperative implementation of large projects, such as joint R&D and joint manufacturing of aircraft, will not only change and improve the structure of cooperation but also change and improve the content and quality of cooperation.

It is very important to accelerate scientific and technological cooperation. In the future, China-Russia economic ties will first be carried out in the high-tech field. Actively promote cooperation in high-tech fields, accelerate the implementation of cooperation projects in high-tech fields, and improve the quality and level of cooperation. We should actively develop cooperation in the fields of the aerospace industry, Panama’s measurement technology, high-tech structure, ecological protection, energy economy, biomedicine, information technology, etc. Actively develop agricultural and tourism cooperation, which is also becoming a very important cooperation field in the next stage. There are also breakthrough opportunities for financial investment cooperation.

Economic cooperation in China-Russia border areas is an important part of China-Russia cooperation. In 2009, China and Russia officially signed the Outline of Coordination and Cooperation between Northeast China Province and Russia’s Far East and East Siberia, which is of great significance to China-Russia border cooperation. To implement the program, border infrastructure must be established and improved; Develop cooperation in transportation, tourism, labor migration, people-to-people and cultural exchanges, environmental protection, and other fields; Implement large-scale regional cooperation projects. “The main problem in implementing the China-Russia border cooperation program is how to implement large-scale investment projects, especially strengthening the economic foundation of bilateral cooperation.

The two heads of state linked the revitalization of Northeast China with the development of the Russian Far East, hoping to take this opportunity to improve the scale and quality of China-Russia cooperation. This is a farsighted strategic initiative. The Northeast can not only become an active participant and strategic partner in the development of the Russian Far East and the Baikal Lake region, but also a large-scale market guarantee for the development of the Russian Far East. [31]

Since most Chinese enterprises know little about Russia, especially the Russian investment environment and relevant laws and regulations, China and Russia should cooperate closely to jointly hold an investment environment and project introduction meeting. In China Russian border areas and major cooperation provinces of China and Russia, in different investment fields, regular Russian law reports and consultation meetings on Russian investment projects are held every year, and the latest existing laws and regulations are submitted promptly. Further expand the scale of Chinese students and Chinese enterprise personnel studying, studying, and investigating in Russia, and improve their knowledge level.

“Realizing comprehensive modernization” and “creating a knowledge economy instead of a traditional raw material economy” are the main tasks of Russia in the next 10 years. WTO accession will accelerate Russia’s full integration into the world economic system. In the period of economic transformation, Russia is facing a new development environment. The comprehensive and multi-sector opening will help speed up the attraction of foreign capital, produce a series of good results, and bring fierce competition to Russia’s small and weak industries.

China is an important economic and trade partner of Russia. In the context of the international financial crisis, it is in the common interests of China and Russia to comprehensively promote China-Russia economic cooperation, which is conducive to the smooth implementation of Russia’s Far East development strategy. Since then, the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement promoted by the United States will certainly have a significant impact on the development of China-Russia exchanges. At present, we should actively seek new forms of cooperation, accelerate the negotiations on the Sino-Russian Free Trade Area, and promote the rapid, stable, and sustainable development of China-Russia economic exchanges.

The global financial crisis in 2008–2009 shows that we must understand and listen to each other and stick to a common and consistent path. Joint infrastructure, energy projects, large orders and contracts, and consideration investment have enabled our country and our business community to overcome challenges, create new jobs, and provide loaded resources for many enterprises.

In 2012, the trade volume between Russia and China reached 88.15 billion US dollars.

In 2013, the trade volume between the two countries reached 89.21 billion US dollars.

I want to point out the main advantages of China and Russia’s economic and trade cooperation. Most importantly, the two countries have established sound political relations and sound cooperation mechanisms. His state visit to Russia fully reflects the good relations between China and Russia. The meeting will deepen China Russia comprehensive strategic partnership and push bilateral relations to a new level. In recent years, high-level visits by the two heads of state have become increasingly stable. The two sides exchanged visits to strengthen the strategic partnership.

This shows that both sides attach great importance to developing relations and believe that they are of strategic significance.

On May 20, 2014, Russian President Putin arrived in Shanghai at the invitation of the Chinese President to attend the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia.

This means that the relationship between Russia and China is close and friendly, and the two countries benefit from joint economic opportunities on a global scale.

Today, our medium-term goal is to reach 100 billion US dollars by 2015 and 200 billion US dollars by 2020. In addition, today’s developments show that such standards can be overcome in advance.

We intend to actively promote large-scale joint projects in the field of civil high-tech, as well as large-scale joint projects in science and technology parks, industrial clusters, special economic zones, and other fields in Russia and China.

An old Chinese is saying that “common aspiration is common strength”. We are ready to work together for the interests of our countries and peoples. This is bound to bear rich fruits.

Russia-China relations have developed not only in the field of bilateral contacts but also in a multilateral way, especially within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the BRICS countries. The shift of Russia’s foreign relations to the Asia Pacific region and the clear goal of reaching US $100 billion in bilateral trade has provided new impetus for its development.

At this stage, Russia-China cooperation is characterized by a wide range of cooperation areas, including high-level intensive contacts, economic and trade, and people-to-people ties, cooperation on the international stage, including the United Nations Security Council, and joint participation in international and regional organizations (SCO, BRICS countries).

The cooperation between Russia and China within the framework of the SCO, BRICS, RIC, G20, and other institutions provides a wide range of opportunities. These institutions are a new form of democracy for countries to interact in world affairs.

In this regard, the report of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union issued by Hu Jintao at the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in November 2012 was also very enlightening, which emphasized: “We will actively participate in multilateral projects and support the United Nations, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, BRICS countries, etc. “Organize and guide the international order towards rationality and justice” (excerpted from “Firmly follow the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics and strive to build a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way”, report of the 18th National Congress of the CPC on November 8, 2012).

If the SCO’s priority at first was to fight terrorism and drug trafficking, Subsequently, the direction of SCO member states’ economic cooperation was further strengthened.

SCO’s activities have attracted the attention of political scientists, economists, and diplomatic and financial circles. However, SCO member states (Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan) have always emphasized that SCO is not a military group aimed at anyone, but an open international structure oriented to extensive cooperation.

Analyzing the current development process of SCO, from cooperation in the field of maintaining peace and security to cooperation in many other fields (trade, transport, energy, technology, etc.), and cooperation with organizations and plans in other regions, The theme of this study is to expand the prospects for cooperation among SCO member states.

The SCO is an open international organization, covering nearly two-thirds of the Eurasian continent. It aims to maintain regional peace and stability and develop extensive international cooperation. The Organization is committed to regional security, does not target third countries, participates in building a multipolar world order, cultivates the so-called “Shanghai spirit”, and builds a “harmonious world”. The core areas of its activities are security, economic, cultural, humanitarian, and military-political cooperation. Dozens of basic treaties and legal documents involving different areas of cooperation have been adopted. The SCO has actively strengthened its foreign relations and steadily increased its international prestige. Formal relations have been established with international and regional organizations. More and more countries are seeking to establish ties with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Because of the continuing high tension in the political situation in the region, the great possibility of crisis, and the uncertain prospects for the development of the situation in Afghanistan, the SCO has become a clear guarantor of stability and cooperation in the region.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is a special alliance of regional countries. Its core is the geopolitical interests of China and Russia, as well as the political and economic interests of Central Asian countries. In this case, to maintain Russia’s position and offset the geopolitical goals of the United States in the Central African Republic to a certain extent, the Sino-Russian alliance in the form of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has proved to be very effective.

One of the characteristics of SCO is that it is neither a military group like NATO nor an open regional economic group like ASEAN. It cannot be considered as formed yet. Creating political conditions for promoting economic growth and reforming the economic structure of member countries has become the main task of the Organization at the current stage of development.

The development level and economic scale of SCO member states are different. The participating countries of the regional project try to find a mechanism to coordinate economic interests for equal partnership and mutually beneficial cooperation by formulating and implementing multilateral cooperation projects, and establishing joint ventures and organizations. The joint formulation, co-financing, and implementation of a series of major socio-economic projects with concrete results and real profits have improved the geopolitical status of the Organization. However, all this cannot fully bring the geopolitical interests of Russia and China closer. The differences between the two countries provide a certain framework for SCO activities.

The regular holding of the Leaders’ Forum of Member States has, to a certain extent, enhanced the international image of SCO. However, this is not enough to organize more effective domestic economic, social, and humanitarian cooperation. So far, SCO has not become an active participant in the international economic process, nor has it fully exploited its huge potential. The Organization should make greater efforts to enable its members to participate effectively in the joint work of implementing specific economic projects and speak as a whole, rather than simply developing bilateral relations to replace participation. Bilateral cooperation is mainly an element of the foreign policy and foreign economic policy of the leaders of the two SCO countries. The multilateral economic principles that ensure the consolidation of SCO space have not yet played a full role.

The SCO lacks transparency in practice. The organization exists in an information vacuum, and it only depends on the interpretation of a few diplomats from several ministries and agencies.

Large enterprises and commercial institutions know little about the economic, energy, transportation, and other projects they accept, which makes it difficult to attract investment and attract a wider range of participants (including SMEs) to participate in the implementation of these projects.

An obvious disadvantage of the SCO is that many decisions are still only agreed upon at summits and other meetings, at best recorded in documents. Unfortunately, these decisions are often not implemented.

BRICS countries are a group of five rapidly developing countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). BRIC was originally proposed by Jim O’Neill, an analyst at Goldman Sachs, in a bank analysis report in November 2001. Until 2011, the organization used the abbreviation BRIC. As South Africa joined the BRIC countries on February 18, 2011, the Finance Minister of India announced that the group was renamed the BRIC countries. [23] According to the prediction of Goldman Sachs, by 2050, the economic scale of the Group will exceed that of the world’s richest Group of Seven (G7).

I would like to quote once again the words of Russian President Vladimir Putin. Putin. In the statement issued after the Beijing talks in June 2012, V.V. Putin said: “Our two countries have always advocated the establishment of a just world order and the joint efforts of all countries to deal with modern threats. These include terrorism, extremism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and large-scale economic crisis. To this end, we intend to strengthen cooperation within the framework of the United Nations, the Group of 20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and other major international organizations. The coincidence is huge.

In a short time, the BRICS mechanism has become a real force in the world economy and politics. Its member countries are the most dynamic forces in the world economy. Under current conditions, BRICS countries contribute about 50% of the world’s economic growth (due to their high economic growth rate). The economic crisis that began in 2008 exposed the important role of BRICS countries in the world economy and stabilized the impact of this dialogue structure on the global economy.

In March 2012, the leaders’ summit of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa was held in New Delhi. It once again shows that this group of countries has an increasing impact on world development. The Delhi Conference decided to establish the BRICS Unified Development Bank to provide loans for projects in BRICS countries in their currencies. This will strengthen the position of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa in many international institutions, including the G20.

At the same time, it is important to note the prospect of unifying the mutual settlement of the national currencies of the members of the Development Bank Agreement. The document was also signed in New Delhi. It is worth noting that some Asia Pacific countries have signed agreements to settle or issue loans in their currencies. There is such an agreement between Russia and China. China has signed local currency loan agreements with South Korea, Malaysia, and Indonesia.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization is of special significance. The greatest achievement of the organization is to improve the situation in Central Asia, establish cooperation and strengthen trust among countries in the region. However, the huge potential of SCO is far from being fully utilized. Given the increasingly serious economic and social problems in the world and the region, SCO’s efforts for the economic recovery of Central Asia must be greatly strengthened. More effective cooperation is needed in Afghanistan because risks from Afghanistan directly affect the interests of Central Asian countries, Russia and China.

The increasingly strengthened form of Russia, India, and China’s tripartite cooperation (RIC) is playing a beneficial role. Taking into account the strong common potential of the three countries and their commitment to adopt a unified approach to today’s basic issues, cooperation within the framework of regional cooperation can be an important factor in establishing an integrated security mechanism in Asia and the Asia Pacific region. One of RIC’s most important tasks is to create a stable and prosperous environment in the so-called Greater Central Asia.

The alphabetical order of this word depends not only on its tone but also on its similarity to the English word “brick”. Therefore, this word is used as the name of a group of countries. The growth of these countries will greatly promote the future growth of the world economy, especially the future growth of the stock market.

As for the formal expansion of the BRICS Group, this is the subject of consensus of the institution. So far, no idea of further expansion has been discussed. But everything has its own time. It is predicted that the huge economic scale of these countries in the future will enable them to transform economic growth into political influence, thus forming new economic elites and weakening the influence of the “gold billion”.

The BRICS countries are composed of five countries with rapid development: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. South Africa joined the group in 2011. Goldman Sachs predicts that by 2050, the economic scale of the Group will exceed that of the world’s richest Group of Seven (G7).

The regular meeting mechanism between the heads of the Chinese and Russian governments is gradually becoming an important platform for managing and coordinating the practical cooperation between the two countries in various aspects and has achieved fruitful results. This has played an important role in promoting the comprehensive and sustainable development of the China-Russia strategic partnership and collaboration.

Since January 2004 The permanent secretariat of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is located in Beijing. The current Secretary-General is Nurgaliev Bukashvili. (Kazakhstan). The annual expenses of SCO are shared by the member states according to their respective obligations and wishes: the annual budget of SCO is US $0.35 billion. Of which USD 021.6 million. It is used to maintain the Secretariat. The remaining funds constitute the budget of the SCO Regional Anti-Terrorism Center and other permanent organs of the SCO. Russia and China each bear 24% of annual expenditure, Kazakhstan 21%, Uzbekistan 15%, Kyrgyzstan 10%, and Tajikistan 6%. Although the proportions of contributions to the SCO Fund vary among Member States, they are equal in decision-making under the provisions of the Charter.

At present, the SCO is carrying out practical work to implement the main provisions of the Plan of Measures for the Implementation of the Outline of Multilateral Economic and Trade Cooperation among the SCO Member States. Establishing the SCO website for economic and trade cooperation; The Shanghai Cooperation Organization Business Council and the Interbank Federation were established.

Another important factor in modern Russia-China relations is the cultural and people-to-people cooperation between the two countries. So far, China-Russia cooperation in the cultural field involves many aspects, so it is generally defined as “people-to-people cooperation”.

The formulation and implementation of intergovernmental mechanisms in the main areas of humanitarian relations are functioning smoothly. This mechanism exists in the form of the Sino-Russian Humanitarian Cooperation Committee, which has become an important part of the comprehensive mechanism for preparing and holding the annual regular meeting of the heads of government of the People’s Republic of China.

The Year of China in 2007 is another major contribution made by the leaders of the two countries to further develop bilateral cultural dialogue and implement the tasks set out in the Treaty on Good Neighbourliness, Friendship, and Cooperation between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation on 16 July 2001.

During the Chinese New Year, Russia officially held more than 200 activities, including exhibitions, concert programs, circus and drama performances, film screenings, creative competitions, expert forums, and conferences, which have been included in the plans approved by the Chinese government. In many ways, this plan seems to reflect Russia’s year in China. However, China’s actions in Russia are not limited to planned actions. In consideration of interregional cooperation and brotherhood, more than 400 events were held.

It is worth noting that the bilateral experience of developing cultural relations between the two countries was later used in other fields. In particular, the success of the Russian Year in China foreshadows the subsequent celebration of the Russian Year in Bulgaria, France, and other countries. Drawing on the experience of organizing and implementing the Year of China in Russia, China held the Year of Chinese Culture in India and other countries.

August 2012. Russia has officially become a member of the WTO. March 2013. China-Russia relations are entering the best stage in history. At present, the comprehensive promotion of China-Russia economic cooperation faces significant strategic opportunities as well as many challenges. We should seize the opportunity, plan scientifically, innovate ideas, and vigorously promote the deeper and faster development of China-Russia economic and trade cooperation.

On October 22, 2013, Medvedev answered questions from netizens in the office of the Beijing Central News Agency. “If the world economy has a future, the world economy can only succeed if emerging economies participate. I believe that our economies, BRICS economies, and other emerging markets are the main driving forces of economic growth. If we cannot make contributions from emerging markets, our world economy will still be in half a century. Its state. Medvedev said: “We will not sleep. We will cooperate with all countries, which is reflected in various forms, including the G20, BRICS, and a series of other forums where we exchange and discuss the world economic prospects.”.

China is Russia’s neighbor. Two-thirds of Russia’s territory is located in Asia. The border between the two countries is the longest in the world. Our two countries have a long history of good neighborly relations.

China and Russia are partners in comprehensive strategic cooperation, which is not an empty slogan. This relationship is based on the national interests of the two countries and has been developing at a high level, reflecting mutual respect and friendship between the two heads of state. This proves that China Russia friendship can withstand the test of the times.

The development of Sino-Russian trade shows that bilateral trade generally maintains the increasingly obvious characteristics in recent years. China is Russia’s largest trading partner. Russia’s energy products are of strategic significance to China. However, there are also some problems, such as the commodity structure of bilateral trade. Nevertheless, all parties are still making unremitting efforts to solve these problems. In October 2013, the Joint Communiqu é of the Eighteenth Regular Meeting of Chinese and Russian Prime Ministers proposed the task of expanding interregional cooperation and strengthening cooperation in finance, science and technology, energy, and other fields. This will bring new opportunities for the development of the two countries.

A stable and developing China is beneficial to Russia. Russia can cooperate with China on many issues, especially in the economic field. Russia needs China’s investment. Distinct regions of Russia, especially the Far East region bordering China, will directly benefit from China’s development. I believe that the cooperation between China and Russia will be mutually beneficial in the direction of realizing the Chinese dream and benefiting China’s neighbors.

This does not imply that China and Russia will compete in Central Asia. APROTIV, China and Russia will complement each other in Central Asia. Central Asia is not the “sphere of influence” of any country. All countries are friendly neighbors of China and Russia. Central Asia is also an important geopolitical region. To prevent the rising influence of terrorists in Central Asia, the two sides have the obligation and responsibility to cooperate and jointly safeguard peace, stability and economic development in Central Asia, which is not only in line with the goals of the SCO, but also necessary for the national security of China and Russia.

It is worth noting that Russia China relations are improving steadily. They are based on the pragmatic attitude of both sides, and recognize that both sides have their own national interests, which must be taken into consideration. What is vital is that the “boring” wording of consistent positions and strategic cooperation should not be used too often, nor should it be backed by practical actions.

So, China has always been one of Russia’s major trading partners. The economic cooperation between Russia and China as trade partners depends not only the close geographical location of the two countries, but also for their good bilateral political relations and mutual demand for various goods and services.

The rapid development of trade and economic relations between Russia and countries in the Asia-Pacific region is of great importance. From the perspective of Russia’s accession to the East Asian regional integration process, Russia’s long-term participation in this process will strengthen its position in the world economy.

The modern relationship between Russia and China can only be described as tactical cooperation.

Event August 23, 2012 Russia became the 156th member of the WTO, and the bilateral trade volume between China and Russia continued to increase rapidly.

China is one of Russia’s major economic partners, and the friendly ties between the two countries in this field will only be strengthened in the coming years. Trade volume in 2013 increased by 2% compared with 2012, reaching US $89 billion. It is expected to grow to US $100 billion by 2015.

Without the outside world, Russia’s development is impossible, just as without China’s participation, the Asia-Pacific region would not have such a driving force for progress. Today, the People’s Republic of China is rightly regarded as Russia’s major partner in Asia, both in terms of priorities and prospects for further cooperation. Both countries have seen great potential to strengthen and intensively develop economic relations.

The head of the Russian and Chinese governments meets annually. The importance of such dialogues cannot be overemphasized, because they can clarify the development plans of the two countries and solve problems that hinder the development of trade, technology and other areas of bilateral cooperation in a timely manner. Every country can benefit from it. There is only one problem – to find the most effective model of bilateral economic and trade cooperation and truly mutually advantageous cooperation.

It is worth noting that with the continuous development of bilateral economic and trade relations. Russia and China have established themselves in Eurasia, opened up to the world, and played a constructive role in regional economic cooperation and global economic governance. China and Russia have joined forces to achieve win-win results. Adhering to the spirit of mutual benefit and win-win results, they have strengthened cooperation and cooperation in multilateral mechanisms, jointly responded to the financial crisis and global energy market security challenges, and played their due role in promoting the prosperity of the Eurasian region. And the durable development of the world economy.

Today, our relations with China have reached a new level of comprehensive strategic cooperation and trust partnership. Ambitious tasks have begun to emerge, accelerating the expansion of economic cooperation and forming a mutually advantageous development strategy.

China and Russia are the largest neighbors and partners of comprehensive strategic cooperation. The bilateral relations have maintained a sound trend of stable and healthy development. Economic and trade cooperation is an important material basis for China Russia relations

Based on the analysis of the trade dynamics and trade volume structure of the two countries, it can be concluded that the trade relationship between Russia and China has significant growth potential, depends on the systematic factors of domestic economic growth, and develops under the background of strong political support from the two governments.

As mentioned above, Russia and China – neighboring countries – play a major role in the world community, especially in the Asia Pacific region. Both countries faced many similar challenges and threats in the context of globalization. The expansion of mutual understanding between Russia and China has become a distinctive feature of their interaction, which at the present stage is characterized by multilateral cooperation covering the spheres of politics, economy, and culture. Deepening good-neighborliness and friendship, our countries are confidently moving along the path of development on the basis of an independent choice made by the Russian and Chinese people.

Relations between Russia and China have been developing dynamically in recent years. In early 2013, the first foreign visit of President Xi Jinping to Russia, which marked the entry of China-Russia relations into a new stage of comprehensive cooperation. The mechanism of regular meetings of the heads of government of China and Russia, formed during intensive contacts at the highest level, has gradually become an important means of coordinating the multifaceted business cooperation between the two states.

As the Russian political scientist TS Tarakanova writes. “The second decade of the 21st century is marked by a new stage in the development of the relationship between Russia and China, which were called” strategic partnership. “As you know. The strategy presupposes the definition of long-term development goals, therefore the partnership between Russia and China is considered by the current leadership of both countries as a fundamental element of their foreign policy. “According to TS Tarakanova, relations with Russia for China serve as one of the ways to achieve economic and political goals in the region and around the world.

Over the past 20 years, economic cooperation between the two countries has developed rapidly: the volume of bilateral trade has increased more than 11 times, and in 2012 it has become the largest in the whole previous history and reached 88.15 billion US dollars.

At the same time, in the Russian-Chinese trade in recent years, there have been noticeable ups and downs. Thus, the decline in Russian-Chinese trade turnover in 2014 was followed by its rise in 2015. In 2016, China was Russia’s largest trading partner in the country equivalent. The most important investment in China in Russia is the purchase of 10% of the petrochemical complex “Sibura”.

In 2016, in the structure of Russian exports to China, the bulk of shipments were distributed as follows. In the first place were mineral products. The second place was occupied by the supply of wood and pulp and paper products; the third – cars, equipment and vehicles; the fourth – food products and agricultural raw materials; the fifth – chemical goods; the sixth – metals and products from them. The greatest increase was observed in the field of export of wood, wood products, charcoal, electric machines, equipment, television equipment, ground transportation, sound and photo and medical equipment. True, it should be noted that the reduction in Russia’s exports to China occurred in the field of mineral fuel, oil and products of its distillation, copper, nuclear reactors and other equipment, products of organic and inorganic chemistry.

Nevertheless, in 2017, China remained the main export partner of Russia ($ 23,952.2 million, 10.8%). Chinese expert Dan Haiqing explains positive changes in trade with Russia by “streamlining China’s monetary policy and optimizing control and regulatory mechanisms”. As Russia is one of the leading suppliers of energy to China, in the structure of Russian exports, China is attracted by oil, oil products, and coal, although there is a demand for other products. 50% of Russia’s exports to China are energy.

Chinese researcher Zhou Jun argues: “The increasing role of the” resource factor “in world politics is a new determining trend and motive for activities for states and companies working in this direction, as the prospects for the socioeconomic development of states directly depend on the necessary natural resources”.

In Russian and foreign scientists, there is a large amount of literature devoted to the problem of Russian-Chinese relations in the oil and gas industry. These studies examine the problem from different perspectives and represent numerous areas of humanitarian knowledge to enable scientists and politicians to look at the problem from different perspectives. So, in the framework of this paper, had used research Lopatin D.V.13, Margelov M.V., Pakholyuk D.I., Hrisanfova D.V., Tsvetkov A.Y., Svetlana Mihailovna Vinogradova. And others. Also, publications of Russian scientific journals, in particular, such as “World Economy and International Relations” and “Social sciences and modernity” were used.

We paid special attention to dissertations research. Here it is worth mentioning IS Gumarova’s dissertation “Priorities of Russia’s Energy Diplomacy”, where questions of the main directions of oil and gas diplomacy of the Russian Federation are revealed.

We cannot fail to mention Yana Valeryevna Leksyutina ‘s dissertation

“America-Chinese relations in the context of transforming the international system

13 Lopatin D.V. Cooperation between Russia and China in the field of energy: the abstract of the dissertation … Candidate for political sciences: 23.00.04 / Lopatin D.V. – St. Petersburg, 2011. – 19 p.

in the early 21st century”. It discusses issues related to the general patterns and development of US-China relations. After the collapse of the USSR, China, by virtue of its extraordinary economic recovery, became a “sworn friend” for the US, acting simultaneously as a technology workshop and competitor in the oil and gas markets.

In the areas of prospects for China’s oil and gas investment in Russia, researcher T.S Tarakanova In his dissertation “Russia and China in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Problems of Political and Economic Cooperation” revealed that “the expansion of the SCO from 2015 will mean the transformation of this regional Eurasian organization into an important geopolitical player uniting in its ranks four nuclear countries (RF, PRC, India, Pakistan)”.

In China, the problems of international oil and gas cooperation are dealt with by researchers from the Beijing Institute of International Relations of the PRC, the institutes of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Chinese University of Oil and Gas, the Sichuan Institute of International Studies. An important aspect of the interests of the People’s Republic of China in the field of investment in the oil and gas industry is the project “go global”. Chinese authors write a lot about this. Particular attention should be paid to the work of the Chinese professor LuNa, dedicated to motivating Chinese investment abroad, as well as encouraging Chinese enterprises that are actively expanding their direct investments abroad.

The material necessary for the thesis is contained in speeches, reports, interviews of heads of state (Opening speech of Deng Xiaoping at the XII All- China Congress of the CPC, Report of Jiang Zemin at the 16th All-China Congress of the CPC, Hu Jintao Report: The 16th All-China Congress of the CPC was crowned with a full success (2002/11/15), Xi Jinping’s speech at the closing session of the 12th National People’s Congress, Speech of President Xi Jinping at the 4th summit of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA) in Shanghai in 2014, Putin V.V. President’s message of 2015, etc.), the state Twain, political and public figures, heads of industrial enterprises.

Particular attention is paid to the documents regulating the investment policy of China (Approach to the management of China’s investments abroad in 2014 No. 3), Catalog of China’s foreign investment directions by countries 2004, China’s foreign investment directories catalog by countries 2005, China’s foreign investment directing directory by countries 2007, Opinion on the encouragement and management of private companies in the active development of foreign investment // Foreign investment and development [2012] No. 1905, National Plan for Economic and Social Development and the 12th Five-Year Plan”(2011),

Materials of the National People’s Congress), Plan for the Use of Foreign Capital and Foreign Investments for the 12th Five-Year Plan’ (dated 17.07.2012), ‘Management of External Investment for Enterprises by Country”.

Of course, in Russian and foreign science, there are enough documents devoted to personnel management of international companies under economic sanctions. These studies are conducted not only from different angles, but also in diverse fields. From the perspective of personnel economic sanctions, Balikin’s research has made a significant contribution to science. E., Lujinski Balikin E, Alferov V.N., Petizhev A.D., Heinsworth River Kravchenko L Shamina L.K, Ziyadullayev N.S., Etc.

The analysis of the professional and academic literature on the strategic management of large transnational corporations shows that there is a lack of understanding of how to convey the human resource management strategy of the subsidiaries of the company in different countries.

In the case of uncertainty in the prediction of the scope and duration of sanctions, the Russian government and the Central Bank have reason to seek to take a series of anti sanctions measures, ranging from strict anti sanctions measures to creating more comfortable conditions for the allies of the Eurasian Economic Union, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the BRICS countries to do business in Russia.

The traditional methods of risk minimization strategy – risk transfer, diversification, hedging – the need to be cautious and limited in use in the case of sectoral sanctions and high volatility of financial markets.

Learning the course of “International Company Management” means that students are familiar with the basic forms of international business and explain the theory, typology and structure of the existence of global companies. Taking into account the basis for the management of the activities of transnational corporations, the particularity of the analysis of the external environment of corporate activities, and the strategic choice of the company to participate in international business, including the particularity of the formulation and implementation of the company’s strategy to enter foreign markets, Participate in international strategic alliances and cross-border mergers and acquisitions.

In the overall morality of Chinese culture, values and priority values have a significant impact on Chinese people. Confucianism has become a nationwide collective unconsciousness. Confucianism in ancient China was the standard of society. Therefore, Confucian values can be said to be the core values of traditional Chinese culture [3].

Confucian values are self-improvement and ethics, which is the central idea of “human nature and justice” and must be guided by harmonious interpersonal relations.

Certain rules must be respected: 1. Respect elders. 2. Being honest with friends and responsible for dialogue. 3. Officials must be honest and care about the people. 4. People must abide by the law, complete their work and achieve self-development.

The government must respect the following rules: Solidarity. Respect leaders. Respect your parents. Ambition and perseverance. Pursue knowledge. Self awareness. Take care of others. 8. Labor discipline. Just as children must love their parents, when they grow up to love their husbands, wives and children, civil servants must also love their people.

The Confucian political thought of “benevolent government”, “tsar” and “ritual” system, and its vision of “public” and “unified” civic science, are the official relations of China.

The main work of Confucianism is Lunyu (a dialogue and statement recorded by the philosopher himself and his students). This book was recited by a well educated Chinese in his childhood and was governed by it.

3 Taoism

Taoism originates from “Tao”, which means “Tao” in Chinese. Therefore, Taoism is a specific style of philosophical criticism, that is, spiritual practice.

In Chinese traditional culture, Taoism plays an important role in the theory and practice of seeking methods and achieving immortality.

Religion Taoism originated in the late Han Dynasty: Zhang Daolin (34–56 years) [10] Taoism is hardly an authoritative religion, because it is a lonely practitioner and hermit. But new ideas often emerge within Taoism, inspiring scientists, politicians and writers. [11] However, during the reign of Emperor Kangxi (1654–1722), Taoism was skeptical of superstitious and mysterious practices. This is not surprising, because Emperor Kangxi was a Manchurian and indifferent to Chinese philosophy. For example, on a trip to southern China, a local man presented to Emperor Kangxi with a paper on the immortality of alchemy. Kangxi ordered him to throw the book back. Even the highest level Taoist is not the emperor’s favorite.

Taoism is regarded as “inaction” in politics, which is consistent with the western philosophy of “invisible hand” (efficient market). Managers let the market develop on its own. At that time, there will be a “rule-based world”, production will be restored and expanded, and the economy will flourish. [13] The feudal rulers often used Taoism to reinforce their rule. For instance, Tao Tetsu is often considered a manual on the art of war. Other ideas have been applied to military purposes. [14]

Taoism has played a profound role in the personality, psychology, morality and national unity of the Chinese people.

It is speculated that this paper consists of three parts, reflecting three trends of division of Mozi School after the death of its founder. His main themes are: universal love for each other, rejection of the need to win war, praise of virtue, saving money, restraint at funerals, respect for the will of heaven, meaningless learning music, and criticism of fatalism.

In his time, Mozi believed that people’s selfishness and partiality were at the root of all troubles and chaos. The cure is tantamount to care about everyone instead of yourself. In the centuries before Christianity, he formulated a golden rule: “If everyone treats foreign countries and foreign cities in his own way. He will not attack foreign countries or foreign cities. He applied the same principle to private and family life: “What is the divine will that must be obeyed? “Love everyone in the world”.

He believes that before anything is accepted. It must be determined what benefits it will bring to the people. He felt that population growth, welfare increase, elimination of internal and external threats, and disorder are the absolute interests of the country.

His philosophy was obliged by Leo Tolstoy, Bertolt Brecht and Lu Xun.

Buddhism and Zen

History of Chinese Philosophy (before the 6th century BC)

In ancient Chinese philosophy, the world outlook of religious mythology was dominant. The ancient Chinese thought that everything in the world depended on the destiny of heaven, and their main ruler was regarded as the Shang Emperor. Many gods and spirits obey him. Many of them have obvious similarities with animals, birds or fish. They are half animals and half humans. “Heavenly will” can be known through omens and divination. The most important element of ancient Chinese religion is the worship of prehistoric ancestors and mythical heroes.

New Era of Chinese Philosophy (since 1000 AD)

An original and profound thinker in China in the 19th century, Tan Sitong (1865–1898), a philosopher and poet who were one of the organizers and thinkers of the reform movement, were executed together with five other active reformers. Among the representatives of the 20th century, Gu Hongming, who fought for the purity of Chinese philosophy, as well as Sun Yat Sen, Feng Yulan and Liang Shumin (1893–1988), should be mentioned first. The famous Marxist thought in China was popularized by the philosopher Ai Sizhe (1910–1966). Hou Huailu (1903–1987) and Du Guoxiang (1889–1961), philosophers and historians of Chinese philosophy and social thought, also set out from the Marxist world outlook. In the past decade, he has been famous for his work on the most pressing issues of globalization and go strategy by Zhang Wenmu, a philosopher and geopolitical scientist.

The new political situation caused by China’s economic reform since the 1980s has once again proved the trend of cultural integration. This is a “synthetic creation” theory, proposed by Zan Danan. He called for the abandonment of “rigid axial thinking”, that is, “indiscriminate, indiscriminate, indiscriminate, indiscriminate, indiscriminate, indiscriminate, indiscriminate, indiscriminate, indiscriminate, indiscriminate, indiscriminate, indiscriminate, indiscriminate, indiscriminate, indiscriminate, indiscriminate, indiscriminate.”. The confrontation between China and the West. He said he wanted to follow the path of cultural integration between China and the West.

Although some people call for synthesis, so far, efforts to achieve synthesis are actually limited to translating their traditional philosophy into the language of western philosophy.

The modern Chinese thought operating in the Confucian paradigm is referred to as the “New Confucianism”. It has drawn up in the context of discourse in China since 1978. With the arrival of the “reform and opening up an era”, that is, the arrival of the “reform and opening up an era”. The core of China’s modernization process is two core issues: individual autonomy and national consciousness.

Different from Li Zuolin’s aesthetic attitude towards Confucianism (his main work is called “Chinese aesthetics”), New Confucianism emphasizes the ethical and religious aspects of Confucianism. Substantially

Different from Li Zuolin’s aesthetic attitude towards Confucianism (his main work is called “Chinese aesthetics”), New Confucianism emphasizes the ethical and religious aspects of Confucianism. In fact, the originators of “Neo Confucianism” are a collection of Chinese philosophers who live outside China, mainly in the United States. They mainly include Du Weiming, Yu Yingshi and Chen Zhongying. Their ideas were recognized and supported by the eminent Chinese philosophers Zan Dainan, Gan Yuzhi and Pan Biao.

“New Confucianism” tried to restore its interest in traditional Chinese metaphysics, believing that it was totally different from western metaphysics because it did not recognize ontology dualism. They also pay special attention to the relationship between tradition and modernism; Confirm the possibility of non western modernization model; Give up the non critical view of western thoughts, values and systems; Recognize the irreconcilable contradiction between personal freedom and public interest; It is necessary to insist on “transcendence (i.e. religion) as the ultimate source of values”.

“New Confucianism” is not the mainstream of modern Chinese philosophy. This aroused opposition from official thinkers. However, its influence was such that even the latter had to admit that “New Confucianism”, together with Marxism and Western liberalism, was one of the three pillars of Chinese thought since the May 4th Movement.

Therefore, Chinese philosophy is a combination of Confucianism, Taoism, orthodoxy, Mozi, and Zen. At this stage, Western philosophy has been added.

Since the early 1980s, with the deepening of the reform and opening up policy and the construction of China’s social market economy, Chinese women are no longer the typical lower class. They are now a separate social group, opposite men, but women are the vulnerable group in society, namely women. Gender issues have emerged in Chinese society. On the other hand, women’s social groups are different due to their different education levels, forming strong and weak women groups, which make China’s gender issues more complex. The emergence of women’s problems has exposed the incompleteness of women’s liberation, that is, the liberation of Chinese women only stays at the legal level, and has not reached the level of collective liberation. From the perspective of China’s communal transformation, the incompleteness of women’s liberation is related to the fact that China’s social revolution is determined at the macro level. The construction of China’s social market economy has promoted the development of micro social revolution. On the one hand, the emergence of gender issues reflects all these changes in Chinese society. Therefore, the study of gender issues in China is of great theoretical and practical significance to reflect on China’s social structure and changes.

1.1. Category I. These women have received higher education and have achieved some success in their work. These women participate in political, scientific, artistic and social management and have access to shared resources. In these and other aspects, they continue to enjoy equal rights with men in society. Nevertheless, there are not many such women. They represent a dedicated group of women and advocate gender equality in the country. Chinese society recognizes these women’s abilities and achievements. On the other hand, these women are also under an obligation to assume the role of housewives. Therefore, they face many problems because of their unstable economic and social conditions. There is no time to carry out all duties. It is precisely because women are aware of this gender problem that it has led to China’s research on gender issues from the 1980s to the present.

1.2 Category II. These women have received higher or secondary education, but no progress has been achieved. The development of these women was taken into account in the formulation of the national plan and they enjoyed numerous national privileges. For example, in the field of employment, the state arranges jobs for them; In the field of social security, the State supports medical care and guarantees their equal right to vote with men, etc. However, after the 1980s, these women became victims of market economy development and enterprise restructuring. Of course, because of their different ages and education levels, their status is also different: women over 40 years old, women working in the country’s enterprises and commercial sectors, for various reasons, were dismissed in the 1990s, becoming the first victims of corporate restructuring. According to statistics, in 1997, there were only 56 million female workers in China, accounting for 38.8% of the total number of employees, and 2.48 million laid-off women, accounting for 45% of the total number of unemployed. If these women can no longer find jobs, they can only live on the state’s cash subsidies. However, a 20–30 year old women with secondary or even higher education may not find a job she likes.

In 1949, the People’s Republic of China was formed as a socialist country with equality between men and women. In this society, women enjoy equal rights with men not only in law but also in political and social life, such as employment, education, politics, etc. However, since the early 1980s, with the deepening of the reform and opening up policy and the construction of China’s social market economy, the equality of women’s status in China has faced a severe test: theoretically, some Chinese economists and sociologists called for “women, stay at home!” This legitimizes gender inequality. Some artists and businessmen created the image of the traditional weak female housewife in their products and advertisements, redefining the role of women in society. In practice, problems such as Chinese women’s electoral participation, laid-off women, Chinese young women’s employment difficulties, domestic violence, and abandonment of children often arise. Although the Chinese government has always emphasized equality between men and women, in fact, gender inequality is becoming ever more serious. Faced with these problems. China began to study gender issues. Gender studies in China are carried out on the basis of legal equality between men and women. Nonetheless, why is there prejudice in Chinese society? In this article, we have carried on the practice and the theory analysis.

After the 1980s, Chinese women’s status as a gender group, on the one hand, was as a whole, on the other hand, as a separate social group, rather than as a male group. On the other hand, there are differences in women’s social groups, because their education levels are uncommon, forming strong and weak female groups, which makes China’s gender issues more complex.

In the first case, it can be seen that Chinese women as a whole have lost their equal status with men and have gradually become a defenseless group. In the second case, the particularity of gender issues in China was specifically and clearly demonstrated. Owing to the long war in China’s territory, many women have no chance to receive education. T.O. There are generally four categories of women:

1.3 Category III. Women are born and raised in rural areas. This is the basic organizational form of the village. The pastoral community system is of great significance in rural areas of China. This form of organization is built on kinship. There are mainly two views: 1) Chinese traditional family concept. According to this concept, every member of the community is a fellow of the family. They share the right to work, distribution and advantages in rural communities. (2) distant kinship. According to this concept, regardless of the fact that the social status of a woman is lower than that of a man, if she is the mother of a son, then her status is quite high, even higher than that of a younger man. This gives women a certain space for progress. These two concepts are dominant in rural communities. Despite the fact that women cannot enjoy all the privileges like men, they can get protection and development opportunities. This was most evident in the period 1980–1990.

At that time, many women got jobs not because of their talents and abilities, but owing to their high status in the clan. However, after the mid-1990s, the urbanization movement destroyed this relationship based on kinship. Once women were denied the protection of kinship families, they soon lost their jobs and social security. Here, we would want to compare the second and third categories of women: their common point is that they are too dependent on social security, lost their jobs and could not find new jobs. Because of their different social security systems, their lives are also different: in the 1980s and 1990s, when the second type of women lost the protection of the state and fell into political, employment, dismissal and other crises, the third type of women got jobs due to the acceleration of urbanization. This reflects the imbalance in the development of urban and rural women. In terms of income, women in the second category can receive state subsidies after unemployment, while those in the third category cannot. In other words, the social security system in rural areas is obviously worse than that in urban areas.

The fourth category is women without social security. They only finished primary school, or they were just unmarried adolescent girls. These women left their hometown for various reasons and went to the coastal metropolis to find employment. They have formed a new group of women in China – “women workers”.

Report to the second and third categories, these women have more development opportunities, but their lives are the most difficult. Because they mainly work in foreign companies, their wages depend on the company’s situation. In order to get higher wages, they worked in one enterprise for a period of time and then transferred to another enterprise. This provides them with numerous opportunities, but also risks unemployment, so they do not receive certain medical and educational benefits. This is the most vulnerable group of women.

The above four categories of women are focused of women at that time and now.

Among the four groups, the first group has the least number. Because they occupy a prominent position in society, they represent Chinese women in the world, express their opinions and defend the rights of Chinese women. Since the 1980s, these women began to prepare and study these gender issues. At that time, China promulgated a series of laws to safeguard women’s rights, which is also inseparable from their hard work. The remaining three categories of women make up the majority. Although they have had a significant impact on their lives for various economic, political and other reasons, they are actively working to eliminate social inequality between men and women. Therefore, from a positive and negative perspective, the characteristics, complexity and some stereotype of China’s gender situation have been reflected.

The existing categories of Chinese women indicate that the life and development of Chinese women are carried out in two systems: 1) cities, mainly expanding in the national system; (2) In rural areas, it is heavily dependent on the rural community system. They are not antagonistic, but complementary, thus making significant contributions to the development of national consciousness.

China’s modernization drive has drawn up on the basis of traditional agricultural civilization. The core of Chinese customary agricultural civilization is the family. The main feature of this system is the case that the family is the foundation. In China, it is said that “the foundation of the country is the family”. The family has a basic position in society. Not only must individuals abide by family norms, but the state must exclude all forms of discrimination from the family.

1. The transformation of the economic system has triggered a crisis of women’s employment. The core content of China’s economic system transformation is the transition from a planned economy to a market economy. On gender issues, men took advantage of the planned economy, resulting in a large number of female unemployment. This process began in cities. With the advance of the market economy, the third type of rural women were also dismissed. This can show up as a gender issue.

2. Restructuring social and political structures. Social order and traditional concepts emerged as the historic moment. The reorganization of the economic system inevitably leads to changes in the social and political structure and social order. In this process, men have gained some advantages and hope to consolidate their achievements. Therefore, Chinese men promote the image of women as weak and dependent in numerous fields such as economy, sociology and literature. Spread of traditional ideas.

The above two points reveals the reality and concept of contemporary Chinese women. We must rethink the theory and practice of gender issues in China.

Therefore, there are numerous gender prejudices in China’s traditional patriarchal society at this stage. The society endows women with a kind, tender and dependent role in the family. This role is clearly not suitable for participation in social and economic activities.

Most men have more successful careers than women. At this stage, this seems to be China’s societal norm. Therefore, women face a “glass ceiling” on their career path in countless industries, including politics, social life and other industries.

Marxism believes that women’s liberation is a measure of the degree of universal liberation of human beings in the natural range. Women’s participation in politics is the main symbol of achieving equal status between men and women. This is an important indicator of China’s political and social civilization. Therefore, it is very important to oppose the study of women’s career opportunities.

One of the weakest areas of women’s career in the world is participation in high-level politics. The 17th Central Committee of the CPC has a total of 204 people, of whom 13 are women, accounting for 5%.

We can involve women and help formulate policies in many ways, not only for China, but also for international relations:

Chinese women rarely participate in political affairs, rarely have the opportunity to exercise their right to vote, and rarely participate in political debate. [2] In addition, women benefit from relatively less political and social capital than men. This state of political participation leads to distrust among citizens, who refuse to support and follow them. Therefore, the proportion of women in future politics must be increased so that they can express their demands.

1. Increase women’s indirect participation in politics. National People’s Congress, Chinese People’s Political Consultative Committee

2. Increase their political participation as listeners and publish decisions on public service information websites. Direct participation in national political life through the audience system, political announcements and official web pages of public services is a feature of the development of democratic politics.

Improve the participation of the Internet in the “institutional space”, that is, establish a network through the Internet, and make the Internet an effective tool. Women participate in political life through the Internet. Women, especially those facing family and work pressure, were unable to devote most of their time to politics before. However, with the emergence of new media channels such as microblog and satellite, women can freely and easily express their opinions and requirements online. The openness of the media changed the situation in the past, when only a few people were able to influence the political situation in some way. Therefore, women are provided with an online platform to express their political demands and aspirations, which may affect government policies.

Russia and China, two neighboring countries, play an important role in the international community, especially in the Asia Pacific region. The bilateral relations between them occupy an important position in each country. Countries are closely linked not only geographically, but also in geopolitical, economic, historical and cultural exchanges.

In the 21st century, China and Russia are two big countries – strategic partners. Under the background of globalization, they are facing similar challenges and threats to a large extent. Only by developing and deepening good neighborly friendship, strategic coordination and cooperation can our two countries confidently embark on the path of development, taking into account the independent choice of the Chinese and Russian people.

China is Russia’s neighbor, and the border between the two countries is the longest in the world. Our two countries have a long history of good neighbourly relations.

The regular meeting mechanism between the heads of government of China and Russia is gradually becoming an important platform for managing and coordinating the practical cooperation between the two countries in various aspects, and has achieved fruitful results. This has played an important role in promoting the comprehensive and sustainable development of China Russia strategic partnership and collaboration.

As we all know, China and Russia have established a comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination. To be sure, China Russia relations have entered a new stage conducive to comprehensive cooperation.

The diplomatic relations between China and Russia began about 400 years ago, and the economic relations between the two countries began to develop from the private trade in the border areas.

In 1689, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nerchin (1689–1706), establishing a formal treaty relationship.

With the signing of the Treaty of Nerchin between Russia and the Manchu Empire, Sino Russian trade relations became more tense. However, the Qing government categorically prohibited businessmen from going abroad, so Russian businessmen were active participants in the trade. The trade relationship between China and Russia is mainly established by sending a batch of buses mainly loaded with furs to Beijing every three years.

The first caravans set forth in 1698. This system lasted until 1762. In the first four caravans, each had up to 400 people of different categories (traders, escorts and workers).

Since 1706, only those who entered the caravan state can have their goods in the caravan – agents, kisses, etc. D. Other matters The caravan was led by a trusted businessman, who was led by a government commissioner, four kissers and a guard officer composed of 100 Cossacks. The total number of government motorcade management and protection personnel reached 200. The caravan is organized every three years, and it only performs one year. The caravan marched along a route called “tea ceremony”.

In the middle of the 19th century, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Aigong (1858) and the Treaty of Beijing (1860), defining a new order. Amur River (Heilongjiang River) became the border river between the two countries. Since then, Heilongjiang has become the main link of Sino Russian border trade.

In 1921, the CPC was established. In 1928, Jiang Zemin became President of the Nanjing National Government. He is represented by the Kuomintang in China. He felt that the first is the stability of domestic affairs, and the second is the participation in foreign affairs. In 1937, Japan invaded China and the national liberation war broke out. During China’s war with Japan, Russia provided comprehensive assistance to China.

The Chinese call the Russians “Big Brother”. However, trade between China and Russia did not stop the car until 1945.

On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong announced the creation of the People’s Republic of China, and China and Russia strengthened ties.

The Soviet Union was the first country to create diplomatic relations with New China. On October 2, 1949, the Soviet Union officially announced diplomatic recognition and exchanged ambassadors with China.

From October 1949 to the end of 1950, at the peak of Sino Soviet economic relations, the trade between the Soviet Union and China accounted for more than half of China’s trade, and the Soviet Union was the principal trading partner. China and the Soviet Union rapidly expanded bilateral economic and trade cooperation, bringing considerable income to both sides and promoting the economic development.

In 1957, during Mao Zedong’s period, a recent trade began. During Mao Zedong’s period, new trade began, which continued for a short time until 1964. After a series of political and military conflicts, trade and economic relations stopped completely, and the previously signed trade contracts were cancelled.

There are two difficult and tragic chapters in the history of Russia China relations and the history of Soviet China relations. In the 1950s, the two countries enjoyed friendly and even brotherly alliance. In the 1960s and 1970s, relations deteriorated sharply. various incidents were reported, including armed border clashes. The most serious conflict occurred in March 1969. Upper Damanskoi River Ussuri caused casualties on both sides.

Tensions in border areas between the two countries in the mid-1980s our century began to decline under the influence of internal and external factors. At the same time, a lot of work has been conducted to determine the boundary line in order to resolve the previously disputed issues.

In 1983, the Soviet Union and China decided to resume trade relations. The initial batch of goods flowed between Heihe River and Blagoveshchensk through border trade. In September 1986, the bilateral trade between the Soviet Union and China officially began.

The normalization of Soviet China relations has played a major role in the economic recovery, especially in the province’s foreign trade. In the 1980s China began to attach great importance to the development of border trade, and the Russian Far East and Siberia became the principal rivals of the province. It is worth mentioning the core period when these connections were formed.

1983 Border trade between Heilongjiang Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Khabarovsk, Binhai Border Region, Amur Prefecture and Chita Prefecture has resumed. Later, other regions of the Soviet Union and the Chinese provinces also joined the border trade system.

Since 1984 tensions between China and the Soviet Union began to ease and social relations began to recover. Over the years, a number of Russian and Chinese experts and entrepreneurs have held seminars on economic and trade cooperation between the Soviet Union and China.

1983–1987 border trade not only increased foreign exchange income, but also met the demand for food and scarce consumer goods in the eastern part of the Soviet Union, reducing the import of expensive goods from the European part of the country. The development of bilateral economic and trade relations is a major factor in the normalization of relations. At the same time, the legal basis of China’s border cooperation is also being upgraded.

1987 The regulations on border trade settlement procedures, the establishment of border technical and economic cooperation zones, border market trade activities, the organization of the movement of goods through the border crossing points and the stay of individuals in border areas have come into force.

1988–1993 Rapid development stages. 1988 the provincial government approved the government’s new strategic policy of “connecting the south and opening the north”. Take advantage of the favorable conditions in the formulation of the Eighth Five Year Plan and the Outline for Social and Economic Development in the 1990s the State Council adopted the document on the development of Border Trade and Technical and Economic Cooperation with the Soviet Union. According to the document, the province has obtained a series of important privileges (24 specific preferences have been stipulated), has the right to independently establish order companies, and has established 188 companies trading with the Soviet Union.

1989 Suifenhe, Heilongjiang and Tongjiang three major freight transit points have been opened.

At the same time, on the other hand, the former Soviet Union has also experienced an irreversible political and economic process. The disintegration of the Soviet Union destroyed the traditional economic ties, and made the Far East and its raw material economy in a predicament. The region had no choice but to develop its external economic activities with its neighbors in Northeast Asia. At the same time, in the case of a serious shortage of food and manufactured goods, due to the sharp decline in the purchasing power of residents, the import of cheap, often poor quality products increased sharply. From China.

1992 The State Council has approved special preferential treatment for Suifenhe border cities in Heilongjiang Province. Hangzhou (Jilin). Manchuria (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). It includes tax preference (the income tax rate in the production field is reduced from 33% to 24%, tax exemption in the first three years of profitable activities, and tax rate reduction of 50% in the following four years), tariff preference (import tax and unified industrial and commercial tax on raw materials and equipment) Hangzhou (Jilin), Manchuria (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). It provides tax incentives (the industrial income tax rate is reduced from 33% to 24%, tax-free in the first three years of profitable activities, and reduced by 50% in the following four years); Tariff preference (halve the import tax and the unified industrial and commercial tax on raw materials and equipment imported as investment capital, etc.)

Due to the lack of convertible currency, trade and many forms of technical and economic cooperation (construction contracts, labor services, joint venture construction) are mainly conducted in the form of barter. Prices are negotiated in accordance with the principles set out in the Inter State Trade Protocol. The calculation is built on Swiss francs. This trade went hand in hand with the undervaluation of the export value of Russian companies, which reduced tariffs, and made the investment capital relatively quickly reverse by rapidly selling Chinese food and consumer goods in Russia’s scarce market. For Chinese entrepreneurs, this kind of transaction is expected to be very convenient, because the document processing is simple and the financial guarantee is minimal. In addition, due to the weak control of foreign trade departments. Barter is beneficial to them. The turbulent situation of border trades in the early 1990s. This has resulted in the rapid growth of cross-border trade. In Heilongjiang Province, the number of these companies has increased to 8000 in a few years.

Since the second half of 1993 as Russia tightened barter and shuttle trade rules, increased food import tariffs, and implemented the mutual visit visa system, the trade volume showed a downward trend. In addition, the flow of Western European manufacturers’ products into the Russian market increased, while Russian consumers’ confidence in the quality of Chinese products began to fall. This has affected border cooperation and the difficult economic situation of some Russian enterprises, as well as their low degree of performance of the signed contracts.

Early 1990s compared with the Soviet period, the scope of the province’s export commodities has expanded from hundreds of projects to thousands of projects. Russia exports clothing and footwear, household appliances, building materials, cereals, vegetables and fruits, and Russia mainly supplies raw materials.

Before the early 1990s, bilateral trade was carried out on the basis of liquidation, but it began in early 1991. The scope of liquidation is greatly reduced. In addition, it is only used to ensure services for goods between the Central Foreign Trade Corporation under intergovernmental agreements.

At the end of 1991. All Chinese citizens with foreign exchange income or traveling abroad can freely buy or selling RMB at the market exchange rate in state-owned banking institutions.

1992 they account for only 10 per cent of trade. The proportion of decentralized trade channels (direct contact, cross-border trade, delivery through a third country, barter trade) has increased.

At the same time, these changes do not have much impact on the structure of Russian export products.

1992–1993 Russia’s demands for Chinese goods have had an “explosive effect”. Lack of funds in freely convertible currency (SQV) between the two sides has made barter trade particularly popular. 1993. This proportion has increased. Most of the timber, trucks, tractors, combine harvesters, machine tools and mining equipment supplied to China are payable for through the repurchase of the food industry, textiles and consumer electronics. The main products sold to China in convertible currency are fertilizers, helicopter parts and automobiles. By the beginning of 1993, obviously, with the improvement of China’s foreign exchange capacity, Russian experts began to notice that the willingness of Chinese counterparts to pay for supply to SKV has increased.

1993. The bilateral trade volume between China and Russia reached 7.7 billion US dollars. Poor supervision, especially the lack of control over China’s export quality, and the large number of fake and shoddy goods in the Russian market has weakened people’s confidence in Chinese entrepreneurs and Chinese goods in Russia.

A large part of Russia’s imports from 1992 to 1993. These activities are conducted by individuals (so-called “shuttles”) who travel once in a neighbouring country. These purchases are rarely reflected in the statistical data. If they are taken into account, Russia’s bilateral trade surplus will be significantly decreased.

1994–1999 reconciliation periods. The border small volume trade of enterprises and trade organizations in the border areas shall be carried out within the scope approved by the State. The circular also defines the form of cross-border trade, defines cross-border trade according to international standards, and explains the characteristics of tax policies.

Owing to the goodwill and diplomatic efforts of both sides, the relationship was normalized. On April 25, 1996, the Joint Declaration on the Basic Principles of Relations between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation was expected to be adopted, which was the outcome of the first Sino Russian summit. At that time, Russian President Vladimir Putin took part in the meeting. Yeatsian visited Beijing.

The Declaration officially announced for the first time the establishment of a partnership of equality and trust with a view to achieving strategic coordination in the 21st century. China thinks that the remarkable feature of the new relations is strategic cooperation, not alliance. Interaction is envisaged a better form of relationship than the Soviet Union.

By the end of 1996. The modern legal normative basis of the People’s Republic of China on border cooperation and border trade has been formed. The legislation stipulates the general principles, tasks, restrictions and borders of border trade (including transaction amount and territorial scope), determines the state of participants, and determines the authority of the state administrative agencies responsible for border trade. Therefore, the absence of an intergovernmental agreement on border trade between China and Russia does not prevent China from formulating “complete” federal legislation to determine its system. Russia is first interested in China’s monetary and financial documents (encouraging the use of local currency in border trade), as well as documents that determine the future socio-economic development of China’s border areas with Russia and the development direction of China’s border trade.

By 1996. The negative trend of economic and trade cooperation between Heilongjiang Province and Russia has been reversed. The two sides jointly chose a strategy to promote mutual trade, simplified the structure of commodity circulation, and expanded business on the basis of freely convertible currency. 1996 the foreign trade volume between Russia and China is 6.8 billion US dollars, with Heilongjiang Province accounting for about 12%. Modern forms of monetary cooperation, such as production cooperation, raw material processing and industrial assembly, are still rarely mastered. In 1996, half of the total border trade volume of 19 counties in Heilongjiang Province. Shuttle trade.

December. Heilongjiang Provincial Government organised a seminar on economic and trade relations with Russia in Harbin. Participants proposed the “three breakthroughs” strategy for relations with Russia: Expanding the scale of trade transactions, improving the quality of goods, expanding the field of economic and trade cooperation, and implementing large-scale projects. The positive momentum of cooperation has become increasingly clear. By the end of 1998. A total of 600 Chinese enterprises and 1000 Russian enterprises participated (70% of which were enterprises in Binhai Border Region, Khabarovsk Border Region and Amur Prefecture).

The economic reform in the two countries is an important factor in promoting bilateral economic cooperation. They occur under different social and political conditions and at different speeds. The leaders of the two countries have different views on the ultimate outcome. However, the reform process of our countries has much in common. First of all, we should break the old balanced distribution system, develop market relations and diversified business models, and actively use external fiscal growth factors to open up.

Due to the poor quality of commodities and the decline of the Russian economy, the total foreign trade volume has dropped significantly. Therefore, even if the long-standing border problem has been solved and the strategic partnership has been established through the development of China Russian political relations, economic and trade exchanges are too cold. In 1999, it was only $5.72 billion.

Since 2000 the first half of 2008- a period of stability and gradual development of cooperation.

The most fruitful period of economic and trade relations between Heilongjiang and Russia was the tenth five-year plan of China (2001–2005). Depending on Chinese customs statistics, the trade volume has increased more than four times in recent years.

The basic principles of Russia China relations, the main directions and fields of bilateral cooperation are reflected in the Treaty of Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation of the People’s Republic of China signed by the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China in Moscow. Jiang Zemin, President of the People’s Republic of China, July 16, 2001. China’s position has been made clear in Jiang Zemin’s speech. “Shuttle trade” was officially included in China’s domestic export statistics.

This practice seems to hinder the economic development of the province; its leadership seems to be less interested in production modernization and other innovations, because there is enough money flowing into personal pockets from unregulated cross-border commodity flows. Thousands of small enterprises and self-employed entrepreneurs have not rearmed their industries technologically to produce high-quality products, but live on handmade products. For the Russian market, low-quality consumer goods. Counterfeit products have a negative effect on the strategic partnership between our two countries (first, the reputation of Chinese manufacturers). As mentioned above, Russia mainly exports raw materials, which are mainly due to the rapid growth of China’s industrial production, resulting in the shortage of natural resources in the country. Historically, there was short of consumer goods and food markets in Russia’s border areas. Therefore, the economic structure of both sides must adapt to the new market demand, which leads to the abnormality of China’s trade deficit. This was a turning point in 2003, Since then, the surplus of the province has been growing steadily every year, which is mainly due to the prosperity of the Russian construction industry, leading to the growth of the import of construction materials and machinery from China. A definite increase in residents’ income also played a role, leading to an increase in imports of “consumer basket” goods.

During the “Tenth Five Year Plan” period, China’s private sector has been remarkably active in foreign economic transactions with Russia: if in 2001. Trade volume between local non-state-owned enterprises and Russia was 10.67 billion US dollars, which had declined by the end of 2005. It reached $291 billion (38 fold increase). Total trade [3]

In addition, the above-mentioned decree stipulates that the development and exploitation rights of Russian gold, copper, iron and coal deposits should be requested. From 2005 to 2007, the annual growth rate of timber harvesting, transportation and processing was 30%.

The problems related to strengthening the plan of importing Russian technology were discussed in detail, and the task of “actively attracting the scientific research achievements and scientific and technological personnel required by the province, and looking for opportunities to attract the entire Russian scientific research center” was put forward.

The document paid some attention to the issue of improving the export volume of agricultural products. For this reason, it stipulated, among other things, to obtain the Russian quality certificate, continuously expand the export region, and use the leasing relationship to produce agricultural products in Russia.

The two sides respectively discussed the “breakthrough” in the field of border transport progress and pointed out the task of encouraging relevant Russian and Chinese departments to open the cross Moscow bridge as soon as possible. Amur, it is said that it is necessary to “rent or purchase” the wharf of the port. Vladivostok

In general, the resolution proposed is a multifaceted and detailed vision of the Russian Federation for the comprehensive utilization of the border areas for the economic development of Heilongjiang Province. It can be concluded that this policy of the Chinese authorities aims to (taking into account the depression and actual “disengagement” between the main body of the Russian Far East Federation and the European part of Russia) promote the integration of China’s border areas into the economic raw material interest track of Heilongjiang Province and the entire Northeast China. It must be recognised that, in most cases, the People’s Republic of China is still the initiator of the process of regional economic integration. Proceeding from the task of safeguarding national interests and economic security, China has actively formulated and increasingly implemented strategic plans for cross-border cooperation.

The “Year of Russia in China” was organized in 2006 and the “Year of China in Russia” was held in 2007, including hundreds of different political, economic, cultural and other activities. Leaders of all countries meet four to five times a year. Officially, Russia and China is under a “strategic partnership and collaborative relationship”. 2009 is the year of Russia in China and 2010 is the year of Chinese in Russia.

The year 2007 is a significant year for China Russia regional cooperation. Heilongjiang Province actively responded to the unfavorable factors of Russia’s trade policies and applied them in a timely manner.

China pointed out that the reasons for Heilongjiang’s relatively low trade volume with Russia were the continuous appreciation of the RMB, the increase of Russian export tariffs on a series of commodities and the crackdown on “gray” imports, the strengthening of customs management by Russia and China, and the increase of energy prices leading to the increase of transport costs.

Since the second half of 2008 at present, the economic and trade relationship between Heilongjiang Province and Russia has entered a new period, which is due to the world financial and economic crisis.

The global financial crisis has had a significant impact on our bilateral economic and trade relations. In Russia, the price of raw materials (especially oil) fell sharply, which was one of the principal factors of negative economic growth in Russia in December 2008. (For the first time since March 1999) In addition, the Russian ruble depreciated significantly, reducing the purchasing power of residents. This is the first time that in 20 years that Russia has taken decisive measures to restrict the counterfeit products imported into Russia through the “gray tariff plan”.

Recognizing the ambiguity and complexity of the situation. China has made efforts to strengthen border trade. October 18, 2008 The State Council issued national document No. 92 Measures to Promote Economic and Trade Development in Border areas [4]

Today, our relations with China have achieved a new level of comprehensive strategic cooperation and trust partnership. Ambitious tasks have started to emerge, accelerating the expansion of economic cooperation and forming a win-win common development strategy.

So far, the contacts between the heads of state of Russia and China have become tense. This includes office visits, bilateral contacts within the framework of the SCO and APEC summits, etc. In bilateral contacts, the hotline between Russian and Chinese leaders is being actively used.

In 2013, the “fossil fuel” commodity group accounted for more than half of Russia’s exports. The second place in Russia’s exports to China is “timber and its products”, and the third place in Russia’s total exports to China is “ore, slag and ashes”. The fourth place in Russia’s total exports to China is “non-ferrous metals”. The fifth largest product exported by Russia to China is “chemical products”. In sixth place are “fish, shellfish”. The seventh export of Russia to China is “fertilizer”. Russia’s total exports to China rank eighth as “gems”, ninth as “pulp and cellulose”, and tenth as “machinery and equipment”. Data is drawn from 2013.

The main products exported by Russia to China are: fuel and energy products (oil and petroleum products, coal); Wood raw materials, wood and cellulose, metallurgical raw materials and semi-finished products (ore and iron concentrate), frozen fish, mineral fertilizers, aviation equipment and its parts, unprocessed nickel, synthetic rubber, nuclear power plant equipment, lactate, ethylene polymer.

Therefore, Russian energy is an important component of China Russia relations.

Russia China relations are characterized by stable development momentum, a solid legal foundation, extensive structure of bilateral cooperation organizations and active contacts at all levels. The Treaty of Good Neighbourliness, Friendship and Cooperation between the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation signed in Moscow on July 16, 2001 reflects the basic principles of China Russia relations, the main directions and fields of bilateral cooperation. There are intergovernmental and inter agency agreements in almost all areas of cooperation. The head of state of Russia and China meets regularly, at least three times a year (office visits, bilateral contacts within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the APEC summit). From the Chinese perspective, Xia Yishan, the chief researcher of the China Institute of International Studies, can be reported as saying: “At present, China Russia relations are a new type of state relations. This ceases to be the alliance we saw in the 1950s, nor the confrontation between the 1960s and 1970s. This does not constitute an alliance, nor a confrontation, nor is it aimed at a third country. This is a normal good neighbourly relationship between countries.

In the field of international investment cooperation, create a favorable investment environment and create attractive conditions for foreign investors to invest more in the Russian economy. A series of important legislation has been adopted to encourage the attraction of such funds: Foreign Investment, free economic zones, concession contracts signed with Russian and foreign investors, product sharing, etc.

Little knowledge of the Russian investment environment

In China, there are not many Russian speakers, so there are few students in the school. According to statistics, in 2008. Heilongjiang Province has 13000 foreign language teachers, of which only 500 are Russian teachers. From 2004 to 2006, in Suifenhe District, Heilongjiang Province, only 10% of primary school graduates learned Russian. It can be anticipated that few Chinese college graduates can speak Russian, and few of them work in the field of economy and trade. It can says that most companies cannot really understand Russia.

The investment cooperation between Russia and China is also insignificant. From 1992 to 2007, China’s investment in Russia was about 300 million US dollars. These funds are used primarily for the development of border trade infrastructure (retail, catering, hotel, etc.), as well as the establishment of small logging and primary processing joint ventures. Virtually all of the above enterprises are located along the Russian Chinese border.

Russia’s investment in China from 1992 to 2007 was only about 700 million US dollars. In addition, most of these investments are aimed at fulfilling the old contractual obligations (since the Soviet era): providing 16 generating units for thermal power plants, developing a series of uranium mines, and building a nuclear power plant in Jiangsu Province (eastern central China).

August 2012 Russia’s formal accession to the WTO means that it exerts an open influence on all goods, services and intellectual property trade legislation. Before the adoption of these laws, they must be expected to be published at least 30 days in advance for discussion by the participants. All laws affecting trade in goods, trade in services and intellectual property rights will come into effect only after they are published – but few people in China study Russian laws. Therefore, it is difficult to translate relevant laws and regulations of Chinese enterprises in a timely and accurate manner.

At present, the number of Chinese and Russian enterprises conducting economic and trade cooperation is expected to be very small, and the production capacity is not high. By the end of 2010, the number of Chinese enterprises registered and endorsed by the Ministry of Commerce in Russia had reached 772, most of which were small and medium-sized enterprises. By the end of 2010, there were 13 enterprises with import and export volume of more than 100 million dollars and 118 enterprises with import and export volume of more than 10 million dollars in Heilongjiang Province. Heilongjiang Province has 856 investment projects approved by countries in Russia, with a total investment of 2.935 billion US dollars. Due to the financial difficulties in economic cooperation with Russia, the enterprise did is not given the necessary financial support, which seriously affected the development of cooperation with Russia. Many enterprises located in economically developed provinces in southern China, owing to their lack of understanding of Russia, have chosen to explore the European and American markets after fully considering capital growth and investment risks.

China and Russia are an important part of the international energy structure. Russia is a big oil producing country, while China is a giant oil consuming country. Energy is an important component of China Russia relations. If China increases its investment in the energy industry, the prospects will be bright.

New strategic cooperation between Russia and China in the field of resources during the “the Belt and Road” period

In 2013, as China’s new leadership took office, China’s new diplomacy focused on the core stain of global deployment. The “the Belt and Road Economic Belt” (hereinafter referred to as the “the Belt and Road”) and the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” (hereinafter referred to as the “the Belt and Road”) are new initiatives to promote cooperation between neighboring China in the new situation, and relations with neighboring countries play a leading role.

The issue of resources occupies an important strategic position in national strategies. From the perspective of the “the Belt and Road”, we are promoting China’s future strategic positioning, especially China’s oil and gas geopolitical energy. The energy cooperation between Russia and China is under a political and economic trend. China’s diplomatic and military applications. We must fully recognize the “the Belt and Road” strategy and fully understand the way of cooperation between Russia and China in the energy field. And constantly strengthen energy cooperation to promote the coordinated development of China Russian policies and ecology.

In recent years, with the development of global energy supply becoming more complex and rapid, China’s energy demand has become more prominent. Propose important strategic projects for the construction of the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” and the “Silk Road Economic Belt””① This idea is not only an important strategic position of China in the new big peripheral diplomacy, but also plays an important role in guiding the current energy strategic planning. WE should take this strategy as an important opportunity to study and actively promote the “the Belt and Road” energy cooperation.

“the Belt and Road” is not the subject and mechanism, but the concept of cooperation and development initiatives. Relying on the existing bilateral and multilateral mechanisms between China and relevant countries, and on the basis of existing and improved regional cooperation, we are committed to occupying the historical symbol of the ancient Silk Road, holding high the banner of peace and development, and actively developing economic partnerships with countries along the route. We will build political mutual trust, economic integration, cultural inclusion, common interests, common destiny, and community development. [11]

The world today is undergoing complex and profound changes, and the international monetary crisis continues to affect international relations. The recovery of the world economy, the development of international trade, the development of multilateral trade and investment, the brewing of investment rules, and the in-depth development supervision among countries is still complex. China’s “The Belt and Road” supports and opens regional cooperation, and strives to safeguard the global free trade system and open the world economy. Build the “the Belt and Road”, promote the orderly and free flow of economic resources, deepen market investment, promote the implementation of monetary policy coordination among countries, and achieve a broader vision and a higher level. Strengthen regional cooperation. And jointly establish an open, inclusive, balanced and comprehensive framework for regional economic cooperation. Jointly building the “the Belt and Road” with the common concern of the international community, highlighting common ideals and pursuing a better human society is an active exploration of new models of international cooperation and global governance, which will add new positive energy to world peace and development.

China’s oil and gas reserves are insufficient, and its import mode mostly depends on marine energy channels. the pace of economic development, China’s oil and gas demand are the most severe.

1. China has a shortage of conventional energy reserves (oil and gas), and the demand for imported oil and natural gas is even greater. According to proven reserves data of BP as of 2014, as of the end of 2013, China’s proven oil reserves were 2.5 billion tons, accounting for 1.1% of the world’s proven oil reserves.

The proven reserves of natural gas are 330 billion cubic meters, accounting for 1.5% of the worldbe proved reserves. Φ oil and natural gas resources are very limited, which is insufficient to meet domestic demand. It has become a net oil importer since 1993. China’s oil and gas demand are growing every year. Gradually increase the likelihood of oil supply security. In 2013, China was highly dependent on foreign oil and natural gas, accounting for 58.1% (oil) and 31.6% (natural gas) respectively, with oil consumption reaching 498 million tons and natural gas consumption reaching 167.6 billion cubic meters, making China the second largest oil and natural gas consumer in the world. It will make our oil and gas supply energy based, and further security issues will pay special attention to:

2. Energy supply faces many variables. The source countries of China’s energy imports include the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa, more than 30 countries and Russia. More than 60% of oil imports are from the Middle East and Africa. Most of these countries have weak signals: domestic political and religious conflicts are deeply influenced by western countries. By the end of 2010, the “revolution” had erupted various internal and external factors affecting the political system, such as economic crisis, geopolitics, religious conflict, etc. China is highly dependent on the oil and gas resources in the region, and its future uncertainty will contribute to the cooperation and policy in the oil and gas field.

“the Belt and Road” have important energy geopolitical significance.

According to 2014 UK oil and gas reserves statistics, the Middle East accounts for 47.9% and 43.2% of the world’s oil and gas reserves. Russian oil and natural gas account for 5.5% and 16.8% of the world’s reserves. [4]. More than 50% of China’s energy imports come from the Middle East. “the Belt and Road” strategy can better realize energy cooperation between countries and regions, and make China’s energy imports more extensive and effective.

The “the Belt and Road” strategy is based on the requirements of multiple and non strait transport routes; Russia and Central Asian countries and China’s western and northern borders, highways, railways, especially cooperation between Russia (in the Far East and Siberia), oil and natural gas resources.

The construction of oil and gas cooperation between Russia and China will open a new stage. On the basis of traditional friendship, he established the Silk Road. China’s new energy strategy, the “the Belt and Road”, is part of the most strategic energy cooperation. We must consider China’s investment to create a different future of energy cooperation and recognize its huge potential.

With the rapid development of market economy and the impact of democratization, political marketing has started to flourish. In western countries, the theory of ethical marketing lags behind the practice of political marketing. Because the previous use of political marketing in political elections has expanded to other areas of public life. Political parties or political candidates adjust information through advertising and marketing through “opinion polls” and other means to achieve the desired results.

This work provides the government with some practical suggestions on how to better provide information and obtain public support through administrative marketing by reviewing the process of political marketing and analyzing relevant research.

In today’s world, people’s daily life is linked to news. Government decisions and international activities are communicated to people through various media at any time. It is exactly because of the developed global communication network that the image and style of political leaders have become an important factor in the success of their policies. Political leaders need to learn the theory and develop marketing to communicate more effectively with their citizens and citizens of other countries.

So far, the development of political marketing can be divided into three stages:

The first stage: from 1950s to 1960s. He began to consider political marketing. At this stage, political marketing was kept separate from political sociology, political psychology and political economics after the Second World War. In the 1960s, the earliest form of political marketing appeared – political lobbying.

The second stage: From the 1970s to the 1980s. The theoretical basis of age political marketing. On the basis of “marketing”, “political market” and “political communication” market. “political marketing” theory came into being and found the theoretical basis. At this stage, the influence of rational choice theory and media theory is the most important thing.

The third stage: From the 1990s to now. The diversification and development stage of political marketing. At this stage, various methods of comparative research and multi beam research in radical marketing were affirmed. Political marketing is booming. At the same time, a big step has been taken in some practical operational problems and research.

Ethical marketing is a young discipline and emerging field. The term “political marketing” first appeared in the book “Professional Public Relations and Political Power” published in 1956.

In 1960, Kennedy and Nixon invited public relations experts during the presidential campaign and won a television debate. This is the beginning of the use of political marketing in academia.

1.2 Development of political marketing concept

In the process of the development of the concept of administrative marketing, he experienced such a stage: the concept of managing the party – the concept of products – the concept of marketing. Therefore, the purpose of the company’s marketing activities is also to change the governmental candidates in the election.

Political marketing appears with the development of market economy and the impact of democratization of modern life. Political marketing is first used in civic elections in western countries. For example, during the Nixon campaign and the Clinton campaign, there were some applications of political marketing. Therefore, there are many professional civil advisers in political marketing. the development and wide spread of media, political marketing is also developing.

Bruce I. Newman, Philippe Kotler and other authors put forward the definition of ethical marketing. Political marketing has matured to this day.

The purpose of a political party in an election campaign is to run a candidate. Until 1952, almost every presidential election in the United States took place in this way.

In the concept of commodities, the electoral candidates of the party have become the center of the Liberal Party’s company and the center of political concern in Washington. All political parties hope to find a better candidate to represent their party, so as to increase the competitiveness of their party. The election of President Kennedy in 1960.

Political candidates in the marketing concept stage need more media and advertising professionals. It is desirable for advertising experts in the media, television, radio, newspapers and other media can encourage voters to vote. During this period, the campaign shifted from the political party itself to the media and advertising. Nixon was elected President in 1968

In the marketing concept, voters become the focus of election companies. The need of voters is an important condition for political candidates and electoral groups (programmes). During this period, the number of people from external parties increased. For example, in addition to media experts and advertising experts, there are also strategic experts, sociologists, crisis management experts, etc.

These marketing experts manage daily life and control the entire election company.

It is difficult to compare the concepts of political marketing, marketing and political propaganda. Ethical marketing is developed on the basis of marketing. But political marketing is used in the constitutional field. There are overlapping and horizontal relations between radical marketing and political propaganda. Therefore, to understand what is political marketing. We must understand the concepts of marketing and political propaganda.

The American Association believes that marketing is part of the most direct and effective ways of communication and provides value to customers. It is a process and function of relationship management, which aims to bring profits (profits) to clients and organizations. Philip Kotler believes that marketing is a social and management process in which individuals or groups meet and demand by creating and exchanging goods and values.

Political marketing is promoted from marketing. Therefore, they have necessary connection: first, in terms of marketing methods, both can use the method of market segmentation (regional), market research, market positioning and distribution of commodity trade.

Secondly, in marketing theory and model, political marketing uses the experience of marketing theory and model. Through these experiences, we analyzed the voters, the political environment, etc.

Third, on key issues, marketing, like political marketing. Is based on “exchange” (exchange of goods, values or benefits. If there is not any exchange, there is no marketing or political marketing.

The development of marketing and political marketing is affected by various aspects of marketing. Nevertheless, they have different concepts, contents and priorities. It can says that they are similar in appearance, but different inside.

Lock A and Harris P found that “there are seven differences between political marketing and marketing”.

This paper analyzes their research and political marketing process, and reveals six differences between political marketing and political marketing:

First, different goals. The purpose of marketing is to obtain profits and profits. The purpose of political marketing is to obtain governmental interests so that people can support, understand or vote for government policies, and thus obtain political status.

Second, different groups and participants. Marketing involves relevant enterprises and consumer groups, and is limited to enterprises and consumers related to one field. Political marketing involves political marketing personnel, including political parties, countries, political candidates, voters, citizens, etc.

Third, the different nature of the goods. Goods in marketing are usually tangible goods or services. Commodities in political marketing are intangible commodities, mainly including political rules, laws and regulations, promises of elected candidates, etc.

Fourth, different purchase methods. Customers need to pay the direct or indirect cost of goods. That is, you have to be paid for your goods or services. In political marketing, voters only need to vote (for or against or abstain) to support a political organization or a political leader. Obviously, voters do not get to spend money.

Fifth, different solutions. In marketing, consumers are individuals. He can ignore other people’s opinions and make his own decisions. Political marketing often needs to adapt to collective decision-making. In other wo political propaganda is a form of political dissemination that promotes political ideals, and it is also the most directly responsible for the dissemination of politics and the politicization of dissemination. Because it carries the dual mechanism of political and dissemination. On the one hand, politics has the dual attributes of reality and ideality. Political propaganda is to use the undetermined ideality of politics to guide, inspire, and arouse the audience, and through the action, the idealism of politics is continuously transformed into reality. What is an ideal? An ideal is a vision and assumption of the future based on reality but beyond reality, so the idea cannot be “objectively presented” and “true description” as it is in reality. Political propaganda uses ideals to stimulate and draw reality. It is inevitable that the fantasy and utopian elements are unavoidable, “untrue words” that cannot be verified, and “fantasy scenes” that are difficult to come true. On the other hand, from the perspective of communication, the realization of political propaganda for the promotion of civic ideals also bears the essence of the “simplified choice” of “promoting uncertainty to certainty”. In the face of a vast future, people must always have a choice, and in the face of the appeal of the radical ideals overgrown by “ism,” people must always choose the best and follow suit. It is through political propaganda that it is possible for people to achieve alternatives, alternatives, abandonment, and compliance. In this regard, the process of political propaganda is a process of continuous “socialization” of the content of communication and a process of “politicization” of the process of socialization. It is also in this sense that political propaganda is already a basic form that political communication cannot be discarded at any time. Placed in the broad field of vision and framework of political communication, the most profound essence of political propaganda is the continuous construction and maintenance of the legitimacy of specific politics through ideology, which constantly and strongly builds and spreads the political community Existing core political values. The mechanism is: by sending a selective political message to the audience, so that it can obtain certainty in a radical uncertainty, and simplify the choice in a complex political environment.

Political communication is a form of political communication that focuses on civil operations. When civic ideals are transformed into political realities, fundamental changes have taken place in the nature and form of politics. When a specific ethical ideal is transformed into real politics through political action, the operation of politics requires not only the spiritual level of the constantly evolving new ideals, but also the maintenance of the actual institutional arrangements for real political action. Political communication is considered by us as a form of political communication that is inseparable from political propaganda and focuses on the operational level of authentic politics. Starting from the actual political life, a simple picture of political communication can be divided in two levels: “outside communication” and “inside communication”. “Outside communication” refers to the political communication between the ruling party (government) and other parties, and the second refers to the political communication between the “official” and “social” representatives of the ruling party (government); the “internal communication” – Mainly refers to the political communication within the ruling party (government). Generally speaking, the political communication of the election political system concentrates on “outside communication”. In addition to focusing on political communication between the ruling party and other parties, diplomatic communication between the “official” representatives of the ruling party and the society is relatively well developed and smooth. Relatively speaking, in countries lacking political campaigns, political communication has not completely deviated from the concept and track of political propaganda, mainly through leadership and supervision processes, that is, the ruling party (government) promotes political communication by leading the entire political process, Democratic parties promote political communication through supervision based on consultation. The political communication in the actual administrative operation focuses on the decision-making process in the specific political operation (administration), so it is necessary to sink from the level of political ideals to the level of political institutional arrangements. Its goal is to pass the exact political information in two or even multiple directions. The process of multiple flows has sought political consensus for various decisions.

Political propaganda implies the control of political information by the “political propaganda subject” in the electoral system, which means that in political life. There is a clear “host-guest” distinction between the dogmatic propaganda subject and the propaganda object. However, political communication surpasses or downplays this “subject-object” distinction. Weakens the strength of the “will be to push” the subject to the object in political propaganda. Political communication focuses on the “ditch” and “communication” in governmental operations and administrative decision-making. “Ditch” as a verb means the communicator’s initiative, and “long” as an adverb means the receiver’s reaction status. Therefore, political communication shows the “feedback interaction” of the flow of political information between the communication subject and the communication object “mechanism. Governmental communication realizes a virtuous cycle of political information throughout the political field through the “output-feedback” mechanism. In terms of logical evolution, the “feedback interaction mechanism” is the specialization of political communication in political operation and corresponding administrative decision-making, and is the political dissemination at the spatial level, extending and expanding from politics to corresponding administration. In this process of extension and expansion, compared with political propaganda, political communication has changed the position of political information in political operations-political information has faded some possible subjective, abstract, and grandiose of constitutional ideals in political propaganda. Even the “false” form carries political reality more concretely and directly. Therefore, political communication has both “quantitative” and “qualitative” detectability. “Quantity” refers to whether the political information that should enter the communication process is true and complete; “Quality” refers to whether the political information is unobstructed, whether it has received timely and “missing” feedback, and whether such feedback has produced political decisions Positive effect. This quality of political communication is the result of the progress of political civilization in the democratization of human politics and the result of the joint efforts and pursuit of various electoral systems. It is in this sense that political communication has become a new paradigm and a new ability to describe and explain the behavior of administrative communication. It can also be seen as the transfer of political communication from a “single push” to a “beneficial interaction”. This new form, in turn, allows us to examine modern political life and the corresponding political communication from different perspectives, that is, the core concept of political life-the realization of the basis and expression of “power” has taken place substantially Change: It no longer appears in mandatory forms such as order or even forced indoctrination, but is replaced by democratic decision-making based on the reception and processing of information to some extent and to some extent.

Compared with political propaganda, political communication and political marketing lower the “body” of the main body of communication in political communication, and remove the subjective and possible illusory color of political information in political propaganda, so that political communication The process is more objective, scientific and flat. However, political communication presupposes a very democratic and civilized modern political operation process. It presupposes that communication subjects and communication objects obtain equal status in political activities and political life. However, in real politics, democracy in modern administrative operation means the existence of multiple political subjects and multiple political demands in the political ecology. In democratic politics, “who” can become the leader of political communication, “who” is the main body of political communication, and “who” is the “meta-generator” and “meta-sender” of constitutional information. The decision to compete for political power and political resources means intense electoral competition or political elections. With the advent of the information age, the rapid development of modern communication technologies, the independent role of capital in political communication, and the ever-changing and renewed modern marketing tools, politics and political marketing will appear along with the political communication process. The peculiarity of political marketing is to presuppose the political system and political ecology as the “market” in theory, and then follow the principle of equivalence to seek ethical value through exchange in this market. Driven by the desire to obtain equivalent benefits, the governmental information elaborated by the “marketing subject” is easily accepted and recognized. If it is said that in the aforementioned political propaganda, the communication relationship is “subject-object” dependent, and in political communication, the “subject-subject” equality of the communication relationship, then, in political marketing, the political communication subject The elaborate design of “political products” has integrated the wishes of the subject and the needs of the audience. If, in political communication, the communication subject’s desires and need for communication objects are still vague, then in political marketing, the “political product” that combines the wishes and interests of the subject and object is clear and specific.

The opportunities and challenges of policy marketing in the application of urban neighbor avoidance conflicts.

The challenges posed by the closure of the municipal neighborhood project decision.

In the initial stage of site selection for the neighbor avoidance project, government officials, experts in the system and other policy subjects make closed decisions, autonomously determine the “best location” of the neighbor avoidance project, and then announce the decision to the public. After a large-scale boycott by the local public, the local government defended it. This closed decision-making model has a significant “internal input” nature. The “internal input” nature of the decision-making model is dominated by policy makers and public power occupants, and policy subjects drive social operations and government activities, monopolizing the entire The political resources of society dominate the decision-making of social public affairs, and directly replace the public participation agenda with a political agenda. This closed decision-making model with the “internal input” nature has led to the fracture of the social structure at the vertical level and the fragmentation of the social structure at the horizontal level. [1] While policy marketing is a marketing action for policy products, the nature and quality of policy products are closely related to the input of policy need. From this point of view, the fragmentation and fragmentation of the social structure do not contribute to the smooth implementation of policy marketing.

The challenges caused by the unreasonable policy network structure of urban alienation projects.

In a well-structured policy network, there will be a good cooperative interaction between policy stakeholders, which are conducive to the smooth implementation of policy marketing. In urban neighbor avoidance project policy network, policy stakeholders include the government, the public, neighbor avoidance project operators, research institutions, and non-profit organizations. However, judging from the frequent urban neighbour avoidance incidents in recent years, local governments at all levels still play an absolute leading role in the policy formulation and implementation of neighbour avoidance projects. Under the leadership of the government, people from government-run scientific research institutions and systems are engaged to conduct project feasibility studies. The public participation is in the form of non-profit organizations, and the opportunities for non-profit organizations to participate are lacking. The official media monopolizes the release of information. Therefore, there are significant irrationality in the participants, forms, opportunities and channels of the policy network. The smooth implementation of policy marketing requires common value, resource dependence, and discourse sharing among police participants. It can be seen that the unreasonably structured policy network formed under the leadership of the government is not conducive to policy marketing of urban neighbor avoidance projects.

The challenges raised by the scarcity of entrepreneurs in urban neglect project policies.

Eugene Lewis (Eugene Lewis) believes that policy entrepreneurs are those who “change the existing way of allocating public resources by organizing and using the power of the community” [2]. Whether these people are in the internal market of public policy or external market, they are renowned for their innovative spirit. They are both advocates of urban evasion project policy issues and promoters of policy innovation, as well as actual participants and leaders of police marketing. With their personal influence, policy entrepreneurs play a huge role in the policy marketing process of urban neighbor avoidance projects. However, because public organizations place too much emphasis on procedural and stability, risk and trial and error are discouraged; there is a lack of incentives and a personnel promotion system dominated by superior departments (subordinates are only interested in matters that the superiors pay attention to, which hinders the subordinates from policy marketing Enthusiasm) and other reasons, leading to the scarcity of policy entrepreneurs in the process of urban neighbor avoidance projects, which is not conducive to the implementation of policy marketing in urban neighbor avoidance projects. Fourth, urban neighbors avoid challenges brought by the “rigid stability” governance thinking. As a kind of social struggle, urban neighbor avoidance conflicts can easily lead to mass incidents such as traveling and meditation, endangering municipal public safety and social stability. In order to reduce the negative impact of urban neighbor avoidance conflicts, governments at all levels often adopt over-absolute and simplified governance methods, and use all kinds of public resources at their disposal to control urban neighbor avoidance conflicts at no cost, thus forming a " “Rigid maintenance” governance model. Rigid maintenance is based on exclusive and closed state power [3], which can be obtained through top-down political pressure, administrative responsibility decomposition mechanism, and hierarchical maintenance performance evaluation methods. This rigid stability realization mechanism is easy to cause the policy marketing subjects of the neighbor avoidance project to turn their attention to the higher level government, triggering the disconnection of policy marketing products from the local public demand and eroding the communal nature of the policy. At the same time, because the policy marketing of the avoidance project is limited to the internal market of the government, it is easy to alienate external customers, which arouse the public’s indifference and rejection of the policy marketing of the avoidance project.

Urban neighbor conflict avoidance improvement strategy based on policy marketing application. Change the decision-making model to realize the openness and transparency of the decision-making of the urban neighboring project. The closure of the decision-making of the neighboring urban project causes the fracture and fragmentation of the social structure, which is not conducive to the smooth implementation of policy marketing. The city’s decision-making model for neighbourhood avoidance was transformed. Changing the decision-making model requires both institutional and institutional changes. First of all, from the perspective of the decision-making system, in the current decision-making of urban neighbor avoidance projects, the relationship between superiors and subordinates is a relationship between project outsourcing and contracting, but the rights and responsibilities between contractors and contractors are seriously not symmetry. The contractor has the decision-making power, and the contractor assumes responsibility, and the rights and responsibilities are misalignment. Changing the decision-making model First of all, we are required to change this decision-making system, redefine the relationship between each other according to the amount of decision-making resources held by each organization, and determine their respective rights and responsibilities. In particular, it is necessary to accurately define the rights and responsibilities between different levels of government, and then in the process of policy marketing to clarify the main rights and responsibilities between different levels of government, and strengthen the awareness of the main responsibility of policy marketing. The lower-level government has the decision-making power and executive power of the neighbor avoidance project, so it will better implement policy marketing and reduce the occurrence of neighbor avoidance conflicts. Secondly, from the perspective of the decision-making mechanism, in order to better realize the openness and transparency of the decision-making of urban neighbor avoidance projects, one must establish and improve an open and transparent information release mechanism, based on multi-party platforms, regularly publish information to inform the society of neighbor avoidance projects The specific situation; Second, we need to establish a consultation and dialogue mechanism, through democratic talks, symposiums, press conferences, hearings, and online platforms, etc., to conduct open consultation and dialogue with the parties involved in the policy of the neighbor avoidance project, to promote the decision-makers of the neighbor avoidance project, Construction parties, operators, media parties, non-profit third parties, local public and other stakeholders consult and dialogue to ensure the comprehensiveness and representativeness of the participants and realize the openness and transparency of the decision-making of the city’s avoidance projects. At the same time, we must use modern communication technology to carry out policy marketing, and use the government’s official website, WeChat public account, and government affairs Weibo to release the authoritative decision-making information that the public urgently needs, so as to realize the openness and transparency of urban neighbourhood project decisions.

Optimize the policy network and realize the standardization and flexibility of the urban neighbor avoidance project policy network Domestic scholars Tan Chong and Yan Qiang studied the relationship between the policy network and policy tools from the perspective of “structure-results” As long as there is a policy network in China, it will definitely affect the policy process and policy results. The policy network not only constructs and shapes policy tools, but also determines the choice of policy tools. [4] From this point of view, as a policy tool for policy marketing, its application effect is closely linked to the structure of the policy network. In view of the unreasonable status of the policy network structure of urban evasion projects in China, the policy network should be optimized based on the consideration of the realization requirements of policy networks such as resource dependence, common value, and shared discourse [5]. Effectiveness in project policy. First, it is necessary in order to reconstruct the policy network of agenda-oriented urban neighbor avoidance projects. Based on the need to avoid policy issues rather than their own preferences, local governments should broaden the channels of participation and adjust the way in which policy resources are allocated, effectively absorb the participation of multiple subjects in the policy network, and strive to increase the breadth and depth of participation of multiple subjects. Secondly, it is necessary in order to standardize the local government’s decision-making behavior of avoidance projects. Restrict the local government’s own profit-making behavior, ensure its public welfare and neutrality in the decision-making of urban neighbor avoidance projects, differentiate its degree of connection with the interests of neighbor avoidance project operators, and curb the possibility of government corruption from the root cause. Thirdly, it is necessary to standardize the multi-participation system of municipal neighbor avoidance project decision-making. By setting scientific selection, voting and voting standards, stakeholders, especially vulnerable groups, can participate in decision-making and reduce the avoidance of neighboring project operators from imposing their own preferences to avoid risk of the project decision. Improving the evaluation mechanism and cultivate policy entrepreneurs who is both charitable and enterprising. Policy entrepreneurs play a key role in the policy marketing process. Zhu Yapeng and others believe that policy entrepreneurs generally have the will and ability to assume social responsibilities, professional knowledge and innovative spirit, excellent management and leadership skills, are critical thinkers, and have the ability to participate in the promotion of public policy innovation programs and can Successfully maintain other qualities. [6] It is these characteristics that make policy entrepreneurs act as promoter, executor, and leader in the policy marketing process of urban evasion projects. However, in the decision-making process of municipal neglect projects, due to the lack of natural incentives in the public sector and the deviation of performance evaluation guidance, policy entrepreneurs are scarce. This requires perfecting the assessment and incentive mechanism, and cultivating policy entrepreneurs who are both considerate and innovative. In the promotion of civil servants, it is necessary to break the traditional promotion mechanism for public officials based on economic construction, so that civil servants, especially leaders, have sufficient motivation to carry out policy marketing; in the evaluation of civil servants, it is necessary to look at the foundation and development. Look at the performance and potential performance, and take social progress, ecological civilization and improvement of people’s livelihood as the main content of the civil service evaluation; in the main body of the civil service evaluation, it is necessary to strengthen the diversification of the evaluation main body, not only to pay attention to the evaluation of superior leaders, but also The introduction of “customer” assessment should also include people’s congress representatives, non-profit organizations, and news media in the assessment system, build a multi-assessment mechanism oriented to serve “customers”, and guide government leaders when formulating urban avoidance project policies Proactively communicate with multiple assessment subjects and conduct policy marketing; in the aspect of civil service assessment principles, we must adhere to both stability and flexibility, emphasizing the encouragement of various forms of innovation in the case of completing work tasks, and enabling capable policy entrepreneurs Boldly innovate on public policies and policy mobilization mechanisms.

3.4. Change the governance concept and achieve the resilience and rule of law of urban neighbor conflict prevention The current “rigid maintenance” neighbor conflict avoidance governance model relies on top-down political mobilization and administrative authority, triggering policy marketing products and locations The disconnection of public demand has caused the public’s indifference and repulsive attitude, which has caused obstacles to the smooth implementation of policy marketing. The “rigid maintenance” of urban neighbor avoidance conflicts emphasizes that “getting done is stable, nothing is the ability, fairness is a level, and compromise is harmony” [27] (PP. 94–95), making China’s governance of neighbor avoidance conflicts into a strange circle, that is to say, governments at all levels have invested a lot of resources in the management of urban neighbor avoidance conflicts, but urban neighbor avoidance conflicts still occur frequently. In a sense, urban neighbor avoidance conflicts fall into a vicious circle of “more stable and more instability”. This requires a change in the rigid “” governance philosophy.

The toughness and rule of law of urban conflict avoidance governance are now in place. To achieve resilience in the governance of urban neighbor avoidance conflicts, it is necessary in order to realize that rigidity is easy to break, and toughness is the long-term rule for resolving urban neighbor avoidance conflicts. First of all, it is necessary to carefully formulate the policy of the neighbor avoidance project under the guidance of the innovative, green, coordinated, open, and shared development concept advocated. Second, it is necessary in order to recognize the nature of urban neighbor avoidance conflicts, recognize that urban neighbor avoidance incidents are issues of people’s livelihood, and are issues related to the vital interests of the public, and treat urban neighbor avoidance conflicts scientifically. Thirdly, it is necessary to establish a scientific guarantee mechanism for conflict avoidance and stable maintenance system. Establish a sound interest appeal system for the stakeholders of the avoidance project, and provide a platform for stakeholders to express their interests, so that reasonable interest claims can be expressed; establish a fair interest coordination mechanism, adjust the interest structure, and reduce the interests of the avoidance project Sense of injustice among the people; establish a scientific and multi-participation neighbour conflict avoidance mechanism to resolve urban neighbor avoidance conflicts in the initial stage and reduce their corresponding harmfulness. To realize the rule of law in the governance of urban neighbor avoidance conflicts, it is necessary to strengthen the concept of the rule of law that is supreme in the law. The concept of rule of law must be adhered to at all stages of the decision-making, formulation, implementation and evaluation of urban neighbor avoidance projects. We must adhere to the concept of the rule of law. At the same time, it is necessary to highlight the democratic foundation of the rule of law and the rights-based characteristics of the stakeholders who avoid decision-making, and pursue the bottom line thinking of the rule of law, so that “the law cannot be done without authorization”.

Sixthly, the degree of meeting the objectives is different. Marketing can easily build a business. Usually, both parties can make a profit. In political marketing, trading is tough. Especially when it is a need for a new political party, this is a very difficult task.

Now there are many new concepts in marketing, such as a service, idea, etc. however, in political marketing, there are still many concepts not included in marketing, such as “political party and administrative preference”, “conflict”, etc.

Target public recognition, voter support, etc. economic performance

The purpose of publicity is not simply to provide objective facts, but also to influence people’s views in order to obtain support or opposition.

There are indeed many similarities between political propaganda and political marketing: First. They need special propaganda groups or experts to express their political views. Second, both need media support to help and maintain publicity. Third, they face information problems (delivery and reception), and publicity or marketing provides information for people. Therefore, publicity and marketing are both information transmission processes.

There are also differences between ethical marketing and political propaganda: first, the process is different: although both need to transmit information to the society, political propaganda will only transmit information to the society. Political marketing has a two-way connection – information transmission and feedback. In other words, political marketing also is required to know whether the public supports it.

Second, different starting points. Taking political propaganda as the starting point, the manufacturer, the government and the constitutional party express their opinions. There is no need to consider people’s perspectives, needs and preferences. Political marketing is required to communicate with the people in order to formulate appropriate strategies based on the opinions of voters and citizens.

Third, different means of communication. Electoral propaganda often uses administrative means to influence the public. Political marketing uses such marketing tools as radio, newspapers, television and the Internet.

Fourth, different time frames. Usually, the results can be seen through long-term partisan propaganda. Political marketing often needs to see results faster. For example, in elections, the consequences of political marketing will be received within one day.

From the perspective of political marketing, it is not difficult to see that it have a certain political purpose. Its main approach is marketing – the process between political marketing groups and political consumers. On this basis, we can summarize several main features of political marketing:

Second, the market approach, because although political marketing is different from marketing in achieving political goals, it must follow the law that marketing is equal to exchange and use value, This excludes commercial activities (such as public relations, media, publicity, mobilization, etc.). The force of law and coercive means cannot interfere in these processes in order to attain political goals.

Third, the interaction process. Political marketers often obtain support from governmental consumers through political products. Political clients express their political views (choices, actions) to obtain corresponding benefits. This is a bilateral transaction, an unilateral sale. Both parties are placed on equal terms. Showing interest in the communication process. Among them, the interests of customers are the first priority of political marketing.

Fourth, the laws and regulations in the operation specification. As a professional activity, political marketing will inevitably encounter multiple temptations in the process. Such as money, fame, status, etc, can stop his own activities. Therefore, political marketing needs appropriate laws and regulations to guarantee the continuity of the process.

Philip Kotler divided political marketing into three stages: environmental analysis, strategic planning and strategy implementation.

We will consider this model by establishing a governmental marketing theoretical model.

Ethical marketing environment includes macro environment, micro environment and political consumer analysis in market research.

The microenvironment often tells marketers what politicians can do to achieve the necessary goals and values. The macro environment tells us what marketers can do. The analysis of micro environment and macro environment is very important. Because this is a prerequisite and the first step to solving political problems.

Macroeconomic environment analysis and micro environmental analysis are often essential. For example, political candidates want to know their position in the diplomatic competition and must study their environment among supporters, opponents and neutral citizens in order to further influence their opinions.

The macro environment is the factor that develops and maintains the external environment between the marketing organization and its target customers. From this perspective, the macro environment is of great importance for political marketing.

Civic organizations are developing, providing opportunities and threats for large-scale trends. These factors are usually difficult to control, and marketing personnel are required to adapt to them, pay attention to the characteristics of the external environment, and keep consistent with the mainstream trend.

Political marketing always serves a specific political purpose, with obvious civil nature (characteristics). The macro environment of political marketing can be analyzed from four aspects: first, the political environment, including the national political system, the party system, the electoral system, the legal system, etc. The activity of political marketing is to achieve dynamic balance with each element to establish and obtain social support.

Second, the economic environment. It includes the development of social productive forces and interconnected economic systems. The productive forces establish the relations of production. The economic environment is more fundamental than the political environment.

Third, social and cultural environment. Including historical tradition, nationality, religion, ideology and culture. They reflect the behaviour and values of the State. They can reduce capacity and improve the efficiency of police in marketing.

Fourth, the international environment. With the advance of globalization, national politics has been difficult to get rid of the international community. The global environment has also become an inevitable factor in political marketing.

Bum’s election to the presidency of the United States is the result of successful political marketing. When Obama participated in the election, problems that affected the macroeconomic environment of electoral marketing emerged (American electoral system, financial crisis, health care issues and ST).

Obama’s election to the presidency of the United States is the result of fruitful political marketing. When Obama participated in the election, problems affecting the macroeconomic environment of radical marketing emerged (American electoral system, financial crisis, medical and insurance issues, Iraq war, etc.).

Political marketing will inevitably be affected by numerous microeconomic factors. The micro environment of political marketing is the competitive relationship and structure of internal governmental organizations and political markets. The purpose of political marketing is to gain the support and recognition of the people, establish a good relationship with the people, cooperate in teams, and integrate external resources. The micro environment of political marketing can be divided into several types: